Attitudes des enseignantes de maternelle selon le sexe des élèves

Cette étude concerne les attitudes des enseignantes envers les garçons et les filles de la maternelle en relation avec le succès ou l'échec scolaire de l'élève. À la suite d'une recension des écrits sur le sujet, les auteurs émettent deux hypothèses: a) les attitudes des enseignantes sont significativement plus favorables à l'égard des élèves filles qu'à l'égard des élèves garçons ; b) plus de filles que de garçons sont considérées attachantes par les enseignantes alors que plus de garçons que de filles sont considérés rejetés. L'échantillon compte 1000 élèves et 32 enseignantes répartis dans 20 écoles. L'analyse de covariance confirme les hypothèses.This study describes the attitudes which teachers have towards kindergarten boys and girls in relation to the student's success or failure in school. Following a review of literature, the authors propose two hypotheses : a) teacher's attitudes are significantly more favourable towards girls than towards boys; and b) a greater number of girls as compared to boys are considered by teachers to show attachment, whereas more boys are considered rejected. The sample consisted of 1000 students and 32 teachers in 20 schools. Analysis of covariance confirmed the hypotheses.Este estudio concierne las actitudes de las maestras respecto de los ninos y de las ninas de nivel maternal en relacion con el suceso o el fracaso escolar del pârvulo. Luego de un inventario documental sobre el sujeto los autores emitent dos hipotesis : a) las actitudes de las educadoras son significativamente mas favorables respecto de las ninas que de los varones ; b) Las educadoras consideran mas atractivas las ninas que los ninos al mismo tiempo que rechazan mas los ninos que las ninas. La muestra comprende 1000 alumnos y 32 educadoras repartidas en 20 escuelas. El anâlisis de covariancia confirma las hipotesis.Diese Studie befasst sich mit den Verhaltensweisen der Erzieherinnen den Jungen und Madchen der Vorschule gegeniiber im Hinblick auf Lernerfolg oder -misserfolg. Die Untersuchung der einschlâgigen Literatur zum Thema erlaubt zwei Arbeitshypothesen: a) Das Verhalten der Erzieherinnen den Madchen gegeniiber sind deutlich freundlicher als den Jungen gegeniiber; b) Die Erzieherinnen halten mehr Madchen als Jungen fur anhànglich und mehr Jungen als Madchen fur ungezogen. Der Untersuchung liegen Beobachtungen zu Grunde, die an 1000 Kindern und 32 Erzieherinnen aus 20 verschiedenen Vorschulen vorgenommen wurden. Die Analyse der Kovarianz bestàtigt die Hypothesen

Policy processes sans frontières: interactions in transnational governance of global health

National policy on global health (NPGH) arenas are multisectoral governing arrangements for cooperation between health, development, and foreign affairs sectors in government policy for global health governance. To explore the relationship between national and global processes for governing global health, this paper asks: in what forms of interaction between NPGH arenas and global health governance are learning and networking processes present? In a multiple case study of Norwegian and Swiss NPGH arenas, we collected data on intersectoral policy processes from semi-structured interviews with 33 informants in 2014-2015. Adapting Real-Dato’s framework, we analyzed each case separately, producing monographs for comparing NPGH arenas. Analyzing both NPGH arenas for relational structures linking external resources to internal policy arena processes, we found five zones of interactions - including institutions, transgovernmental clubs, and connective forms. These interactions circulate ideas and soften arenas’ boundaries. We argue that NPGH is characteristic of transnational governance of global health

Modélisation d’un métier du lien social dans le cadre d’un programme d’intervention nutritionnelle en contexte scolaire défavorisé

Le métier d’agent de développement social dans le cadre d’une intervention nutritionnelle est mal connu, notamment parce qu’il est en cours de définition dans l’action. L’intention de cet article est de mieux comprendre l’agencement des sources conceptuelles de ce métier du lien social afin de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de son émergence. À partir d’une perspective qualitative, nous avons élaboré une cartographie des différentes représentations des logiques d’intervention caractérisant le développement social dans le cadre du programme Petits cuistots-Parents en réseau. La modélisation proposée illustre l’étonnante dispersion des activités de développement social et révèle les conditions pragmatiques du métier.The social development agent profession is little known, notably because it is in the process of being defined through action. The intention of this article is to comprehend the harmonization of the conceptual sources of this social linkage profession in order to shed light on its emergence. From a qualitative perspective, a map of the various representations of the intervention logics that characterize social development, in the context of the program Petits cuistots-Parents en réseau, was elaborated. The modelization proposed illustrates the astonishing dispersion of social development activities and reveals the pragmatic conditions of the profession

Measurement invariance of the Marijuana Motives Measure among men and women using Stop Cannabis App

Motives to use cannabis play a central role in the development and maintenance of problematic cannabis use and previous studies stressed sex-related differences on motives to use cannabis. However, motives cannot be validly compared in men and women without first establishing the measurement invariance across sex. Therefore, the aim of the study is to (1) examine for the first time the measurement and structural invariance of the Marijuana Motives Measure (MMM) across sex, and (2) to investigate the motives for cannabis use that best explain problematic use. 2951 (41.7% women) users of the "Stop cannabis" smartphone app of which 99.8% reported having used cannabis in the last three months completed an online MMM and ASSIST to assess the severity of their problematic cannabis use. Multigroup confirmatory factor analyses supported measurement invariance across sex, whereas structural invariance was not confirmed. Indeed, group comparisons indicated that women reported greater coping motives then men whereas men showed greater social motives than women. A multiple linear regression analysis showed that only coping and conformity motives were significantly associated with greater problematic cannabis use, whereas neither sex nor the sex by motives interactions were significantly related to problematic cannabis use. The MMM appears to function comparably across men and women. Therefore, sex-related comparisons on the questionnaire can be considered valid. Coping and conformity motives may play a central role part in the development of marijuana use problems which may hold implications for intervention development and public policy

Effect of drug utilization reviews on the quality of in-hospital prescribing: a quasi-experimental study

BACKGROUND: Drug utilization review (DUR) programs are being conducted in Canadian hospitals with the aim of improving the appropriateness of prescriptions. However, there is little evidence of their effectiveness. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of both a retrospective and a concurrent DUR programs on the quality of in-hospital prescribing. METHODS: We conducted an interrupted time series quasi-experimental study. Using explicit criteria for quality of prescribing, the natural history of cisapride prescription was established retrospectively in three university-affiliated hospitals. A retrospective DUR was implemented in one of the hospitals, a concurrent DUR in another, whereas the third hospital served as a control. An archivist abstracted records of all patients who were prescribed cisapride during the observation period. The effect of DURs relative to the control hospital was determined by comparing estimated regression coefficients from the time series models and by testing the statistical significance using a 2-tailed Student's t test. RESULTS: The concurrent DUR program significantly improved the appropriateness of prescriptions for the indication for use whereas the retrospective DUR brought about no significant effect on the quality of prescribing. CONCLUSION: Results suggest a retrospective DUR approach may not be sufficient to improve the quality of prescribing. However, a concurrent DUR strategy, with direct feedback to prescribers seems effective and should be tested in other settings with other drugs