Was there an ‘Industrious Revolution’ before the Industrial Revolution? An Empirical Exercise for England, c. 1300-1830

It is conventionally assumed that the pre-modern working year was fixed and that consumption varied with changes in wages and prices. This is challenged by the twin theories of the ‘industrious’ revolution and the consumer revolution, positing a longer working year as people earned surplus money to buy novel goods. In this study, we turn the conventional view on its head, fixing consumption rather than labour input. Specifically, we use a basket of basic consumption goods and compute the working year of rural and urban day labourers required to achieve that. By comparing with independent estimates of the actual working year, we find two ‘industrious’ revolutions among rural workers; both, however, are attributable to economic hardship, and we detect no signs of a consumer revolution. For urban labourers, by contrast, a growing gap between their actual working year and the work required to buy the basket provides great scope for a consumer revolution.Consumer Revolution; Cost-of-Living Index; Day Wages; ‘Industrious’ Revolution; Industrial Revolution; Labour Supply; Standard of Living

Projected Red Pine Yields from Aldrin-Treated and Untreated Stands Damaged by White Grub (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Other Agents at Stand Age Ten Years

White grubs affect pine plantations by killing some trees and by reducing vigor and growth of others. Light to moderate mortality only slightly affects timber yields and financial re- turns if the level of trees remains at the number required for full utilization of the site. Reduced height growth, however, lowers apparent site quality and substantially affects yields and financial returns. The 100 year projections suggest that greater product volumes, financial returns. and higher interest rates on the investment will be gained by grub control before tree growth is reduced

A benchmark study on mantle convection in a 3-D spherical shell using CitcomS

As high-performance computing facilities and sophisticated modeling software become available, modeling mantle convection in a three-dimensional (3-D) spherical shell geometry with realistic physical parameters and processes becomes increasingly feasible. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive benchmark studies for 3-D spherical mantle convection. Here we present benchmark and test calculations using a finite element code CitcomS for 3-D spherical convection. Two classes of model calculations are presented: the Stokes' flow and thermal and thermochemical convection. For Stokes' flow, response functions of characteristic flow velocity, topography, and geoid at the surface and core-mantle boundary (CMB) at different spherical harmonic degrees are computed using CitcomS and are compared with those from analytic solutions using a propagator matrix method. For thermal and thermochemical convection, 24 cases are computed with different model parameters including Rayleigh number (7 × 10^3 or 10^5) and viscosity contrast due to temperature dependence (1 to 10^7). For each case, time-averaged quantities at the steady state are computed, including surface and CMB Nussult numbers, RMS velocity, averaged temperature, and maximum and minimum flow velocity, and temperature at the midmantle depth and their standard deviations. For thermochemical convection cases, in addition to outputs for thermal convection, we also quantified entrainment of an initially dense component of the convection and the relative errors in conserving its volume. For nine thermal convection cases that have small viscosity variations and where previously published results were available, we find that the CitcomS results are mostly consistent with these previously published with less than 1% relative differences in globally averaged quantities including Nussult numbers and RMS velocities. For other 15 cases with either strongly temperature-dependent viscosity or thermochemical convection, no previous calculations are available for comparison, but these 15 test calculations from CitcomS are useful for future code developments and comparisons. We also presented results for parallel efficiency for CitcomS, showing that the code achieves 57% efficiency with 3072 cores on Texas Advanced Computing Center's parallel supercomputer Ranger

An experimental determination of the homogeneous nucleation rate of water vapor in argon and helium

An expansion type cloud chamber was used to measure the nucleation rate of water vapor in an atmosphere of helium and argon. A careful study was made of the thermodynamic characteristics during the expansion so that the nucleation data could be interpreted with reasonable accuracy and consistency. A fine wire thermocouple was used to measure the gas temperature during the course of an isentropic expansion in the dry chamber. When the finite heat capacity of the thermocouple is accounted for, it is found that there is almost perfect agreement with the temperature calculated from the equation of state and the pressure measurement. This establishes the expansion cloud chamber as the instrument with the most accurately known thermodynamic characteristics and the one where the supersaturation may be calculated with the greatest precision. The homogeneous nucleation rate of water vapor in a helium atmosphere was measured as a function of temperature, supersaturation and sensitive time. It was found that there exists a form of heterogeneous nucleation occurring above the ion limit at about the critical super-saturation predicted by the classical Becker-Doring theory for homogeneous nucleation. This form of heterogeneous nucleation appears to occur upon chemically bonded centers whose concentration is very low and depends upon the vapor pressure before the expansion. The consistency of the number of the nucleating centers indicates that they may be a neutral product of the action of natural radioactivity and cosmic rays. A semiphenomenological theory was developed along the lines of the classical theory but which includes the chemical bond energy of the heterogeneous nucleating center. The theory predicts a different temperature dependence for the heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation rates and at least qualitatively explains the essential features of the experimental data. A considerable disparity in the temperature dependence of the critical supersaturation limit has existed for many years. The variation in the temperature dependence with nucleation rate as determined by the author\u27s data shows: (a) that a large part of the disparity is due mainly to the interpretation of the experiments and (b) that the different temperature dependence of the heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation rates is responsible for the different temperature dependences reported by the various experimenters. It was definite established that the nucleation rate of water vapor is higher in an argon atmosphere than in a helium atmosphere. This may be due to a disruption factor related to the higher velocity of the light helium atoms. It is, however, more likely due to the hydration of the argon atom into the critical cluster with a resultant increased stability in the critical clusters --Abstract, page ii-iii

Extractable nitrogen and microbial community structure respond to grassland restoration regardless of historical context and soil composition.

Grasslands have a long history of invasion by exotic annuals, which may alter microbial communities and nutrient cycling through changes in litter quality and biomass turnover rates. We compared plant community composition, soil chemical and microbial community composition, potential soil respiration and nitrogen (N) turnover rates between invaded and restored plots in inland and coastal grasslands. Restoration increased microbial biomass and fungal : bacterial (F : B) ratios, but sampling season had a greater influence on the F : B ratio than did restoration. Microbial community composition assessed by phospholipid fatty acid was altered by restoration, but also varied by season and by site. Total soil carbon (C) and N and potential soil respiration did not differ between treatments, but N mineralization decreased while extractable nitrate and nitrification and N immobilization rate increased in restored compared with unrestored sites. The differences in soil chemistry and microbial community composition between unrestored and restored sites indicate that these soils are responsive, and therefore not resistant to feedbacks caused by changes in vegetation type. The resilience, or recovery, of these soils is difficult to assess in the absence of uninvaded control grasslands. However, the rapid changes in microbial and N cycling characteristics following removal of invasives in both grassland sites suggest that the soils are resilient to invasion. The lack of change in total C and N pools may provide a buffer that promotes resilience of labile pools and microbial community structure

Astrometric Telescope Facility isolation and pointing study

The Astrometric Telescope Facility (ATF), an optical telescope designed to detect extrasolar planetary systems, is scheduled to be a major user of the Space Station's Payload Pointing System (PPS). However, because the ATF has such a stringent pointing stability specification and requires + or - 180 deg roll about its line of sight, mechanisms to enhance the basic PPS capability are required. The ATF pointing performance achievable by the addition of a magnetic isolation and pointing system (MIPS) between the PPS upper gimbal and the ATF, and separately, by the addition of a passive isolation system between the Space Station and the PPS base was investigated. The candidate MIPS can meet the ATF requirements in the presence of a 0.01 g disturbance. It fits within the available annular region between the PPS and the ATF while meeting power and weight limitations and providing the required roll motion, payload data and power services. By contrast, the passive base isolator system must have an unrealistically low isolation bandwidth on all axes to meet ATF pointing requirements and does not provide roll about the line of sight

Does smoking produce an emotional relaxation?

Need for this investigation: The interest that has been aroused in the general public by the cigarette manufactures with their publicity claims, pro and con, as to the effects of their particular brand of cigarettes upon the emotional reaction of the smoker has offered the stimulus tor this research. Statement of problem: Physiological or psychological. The research reported here represents an experimental attempt to reveal the relationship between the physiological or psychological responses to smoking. The Thesis: Does smoking produce emotional relaxation? This report is an outgrowth of experiments of similar nature which have been completed in the past. The report covers the data from an experiment attempting to show some statistical evidence that there possibly is an emotional relaxation resulting from the smoking of a cigarette

Receipt, 24 May 1843

https://egrove.olemiss.edu/aldrichcorr_b/1058/thumbnail.jp