White grubs affect pine plantations by killing some trees and by reducing vigor and growth of others. Light to moderate mortality only slightly affects timber yields and financial re- turns if the level of trees remains at the number required for full utilization of the site. Reduced height growth, however, lowers apparent site quality and substantially affects yields and financial returns. The 100 year projections suggest that greater product volumes, financial returns. and higher interest rates on the investment will be gained by grub control before tree growth is reduced

Fowler, Richard F

Lundgren, Allen L

Wilson, Louis F

English

ValpoScholar

The Great Lakes Entomologist 
Volume 15 
Number 3 - Fall 1982 Number 3 - Fall 1982 Article 5 
October 1982 
Projected Red Pine Yields from Aldrin-Treated and Untreated 
Stands Damaged by White Grub (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and 
Other Agents at Stand Age Ten Years 
Richard F. Fowler 
USDA Forest Service 
Louis F. Wilson 
USDA Forest Service 
Allen L. Lundgren 
USDA Forest Service 
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle 
 Part of the Entomology Commons 
Recommended Citation 
Fowler, Richard F.; Wilson, Louis F.; and Lundgren, Allen L. 1982. "Projected Red Pine Yields from Aldrin-
Treated and Untreated Stands Damaged by White Grub (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Other Agents at 
Stand Age Ten Years," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 15 (3) 
Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol15/iss3/5 
This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. 
It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. 
For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 
PROJECTED RED PINE YIELDS FROM ALDRIN-TREATED 

AND UNTREATED STANDS DAMAGED BY WHITE GRUB 

(COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) AND OTHER 

AGENTS AT STAND AGE TEN YEARS 

Richard F. Fowler, I Louis F. Wilson.2 and Allen L. Lundgren2 
ABSTRACT 
White grubs affect pine plantations by killing some trees and by reducing vigor and growth 
of 
others. Light to moderate mortality only slightly affects timber yields and financial re­turns if 
the level 
of trees remains at the number required for full utilization of the site. 
Reduced 
height growth, however, lowers apparent site quality and substantially affects 
yields and financial returns. The 100year projections suggest that greater product volumes, 
financial returns. and higher interest rates on the investment will be gained 
by grub control 
before tree growth is reduced. 
During the first few years after planting, red pines, Pi u  resinosa Ait., are vulnerable to 
several injurious agents including white grubs, the larvae of May beetles. Phy lophaga spp. 
I Kittredge 1929). To protect seedlings from white grubs, more than 12,000 acres of National 
Forest 
land in the Lake States were treated with 
aldrin) Almost 10,000 of these acres were 
on the Hiawatha National Forest in Michigan (Fowler 1973). 
To 
assess white grub injury and to determine the effectiveness 
of different aldrin treat­
m ms on 
white grub populations, studies were begun on the Hiawatha National Forest 
in 
196-. White grubs killed many trees and suppressed others in the research areas. More than 
half of the 
total tree mortalty during the first five years after planting, however, was at­
tributed 
to disease organisms, improper planting practices, and other agents (Fowler and 
Wilson 1971a_ 1974}. The overall impact of the white grubs and other agents was assessed 
and 
then 
grmnh and yield projections of the red pine were made after five years (Fowler and 
Wilson 1975). Growth and yield projection made from the trees after 10 years are presented 
here: 
direct comparisons to the five-year projections are not possible due 
to changes made in 
some of the assumptions in the lO-year growth and yield program projections. 
MATERIALS AND METHODS 
Four 
white grub infested research areas (designated Bird, Raco. Townhall, and Townline 
Lake} were machine-planted with 3-0 and 
2-1 nursery stock red pine in 1967 on the Hiawatha 
.:s-ational F rest. Because terrain a d obstacles differed, initial tree stocking ranged from 450 
to 1037 
trees 
per acre in the four study plantations. The Townline Lake area had the lowest 
stocking because it was a conversion of a poorly stocked hardwood stand. 
Three aldrin treatments were evaluated by using a randomized complete block design 
replicated fiye times in each planting. Aldrin was applied both as a liquid solution and as a 
granular formulation by a dispenser on the planting machines, and as a liquid solution with a 
..... o,nhca:';[cl11 Area. State and Private Forestry, USDA Forest Service. 
Centra.! Forest Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service, St. Paul, MN 55108, 
publication reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their 
use nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be 
registerd b} appropriate state or fedeml agencies before they can be recommended. 
165 
1
Fowler et al.: Projected Red Pine Yields from Aldrin-Treated and Untreated Stand
Published by ValpoScholar, 1982
166 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 15, No.3 
backpack 
pump and wand. Further details 
of the results of the tests are found in Fowler and 
Wilson (l97Ib, 1974). 
For 
the first three years after planting, the trees were monitored for height growth, causes of 
injury, and mortality. Height growth and mortality 
of the pines were also measured in the 
research plots after five years, and then growth and yield projections were made from the 
five-year data. After the 10th growing season, tree height and mortality were again recorded 
for all trees in all study plots. Site index values were calculated from the height of three 
dominant or codominant trees from each plot. Growth and yield projections were then made 
from iO-year data. The Raco granular aldrin treatment was excluded from the IO-year 
projections because of heavy mortality from Scleroderris canker, Gremmel1iella abietil1a. 
GROWTH AND YIELD PROGRAM 
Growth 
and yield volumes and values for the study plantings were projected by using a 
computer 
program called REDPINE.4 The management pro isions 
in the Timber Manage­
ment Plan of the Hiawatha Natinal Forest were used in the projections. Basic inputs to the 
program included (I) nature of each stand (new plantations); (2) site index of each stand 
(from Table 0; (3) age of trees at the time of establishment (3 years at planting); and (4) 
number of 
trees an acre alive at 
10 years after planting (from Table 2). 
At the 
start, all plantations were considered 
to be age 0 and the planting stock to be age 3. 
Projections were made at five-year intervals, from stand-age 0 to rotation-age 120 years. The 
stands were thinned to 90 square feet basal area, beginning at age 30 when possible, and 
every 10 years thereafter to age 100. Final harvest was made at age 120. The model assumes 
a varying distribution of tree diameters within the stand (Lundgren 1981). 
Cubic-foot volume is the total stem volume under bark, not limited by a merchantable top. 
Board 
foot volume 
is the volume of sawtimber in trees 9.0 inches d.b.h. and larger using the 
International 0.25-inch rule. Cordwood volume includes all merchantable volume in trees 
5.0 to 9.0 inches d.b.h. 
White grubs and most other injurious agents kill trees in a contagious distribution and not 
randomly, usually resulting in distinct pockets of dead trees. The dead trees, however, were 
not 
sufficiently clumped 
in the study plots to cause concern, and we assumed that the little 
uneven distribution would be evened out during early thinings. 
The 
economic analysis 
of the alternative treatments was made using the investment 
analysis program RETURN (Lundgren and Schweitzer 1971, Schweitzer et al. 1967). As­
sumed planting costs were $94 per acre direct and $38 per acre indirect. Sales administration 
costs were 
$0.0029 per cubic foot harvested. The costs 
of the chemical and application were 
not included in the basic inputs into the computer program. Cost of the chemical was less 
than $1 per 
acre, and except for occasional filling 
of the dispensing apparatus in the planting 
machine, no extra time or effort was expended in applying the chemical when the granular 
aldrin was used. Liquid applications added to the cost. 
Stumpage values of expected products used were $20 per thousand board feet (MBF) for 
sawtimber. Cordwood values were $5 per cord for Townhall and Raco and S7.92 per cord for 
Bird and Townline Lake. These are 1975 values used to keep the five-year and lO-year 
projections similar. 
The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) was computed for each stand for a wide range of 
rotation ages. The IRR is a measure frequently used to indicate when a stand should be 
harvested in order to maximize financial returns. It is the rate of interest earned over an 
investment period on all invested capital and the rate of interest that would make the sum of 
all compounded costs equal to the sum of all compounded incomes (Lundgren 1966). 
4Developed by A. L Lundgren. The computer program. not yet published, is based on growth and yield 
equations developed by Buckman (1962) and Wambach (1967). The growth model is briefly described by 
Lundgren (1981). 
2
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 15, No. 3 [1982], Art. 5
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19K! THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 167 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
Site index values calculated from IO-year heights differed somewhat from the five-year 
values. which were estimated from soil characteristics alone because of small tree size 
(Table I). Site index values were reasonably close between the five- and IO-year data for 
Bird and Townhall, but the five-year indexes for Raco and Townline Lake appeared to 
overestimate the site. Also, mean lO-year site index calculations from the aldrin-treated 
plots were consistently and significantly (P 
< 0,05) higher than those from the untreated 
plots. The significantly higher index values and taller trees in the treated plots suggest that 
the aldrin affected the outcome. We know that aldrin killed many of the grubs and thus 
lessened root injury in the treated areas, The response from this lessened injury apparently 
is greater height growth. Also, site indexes calculated for the aldrin-treated plots would thus 
be the most realistic for each research area as height growth of trees in the untreated plots is 
affected by grub feeding injury. 
Between the fifth and 10th years, tree mortality averaged 1-11% in the aldrin-treated plots 
and 
2-1.2% 
in the untreated plots (Table 2). One aldrin-treated plot at Raco, which was 
eliminated from analysis, had 17% mortality but most f that was caused by Scleroderris 
canker. No 
mortality between the fifth and 10th years was attributed to white grub feeding as 
we 
had predicted previously (Fowler and Wilson 1975). A few trees weakened by grubs 
during the first five years may have died during the latter period, but as losses were pro­
portionately the same for treated and untreated plots, the effect from grubs must have been 
small. 
Table L Five- and IO-year site index values for aldrin-treated and untreated plots for white 
grub 
research areas, Hiawatha National Forest. 
Site indexa Site indexb 
5th year 10th year 
Research Treated and Treated Untreated area untreated plots plots plots 
Bird 55 59 51 
Raw 55 46 39 
Townhall 
65 70 61 
line Lake 65 58 53 
aEstimated by soil characteristics of each research area. 
bcalculated from height of three dominant or codominant trees in ach lot. Treatments were pooled 
be-.-ause there were no significant differences in tree heights among treatments. 
Table ::!. Mean number of trees per acre for aldrin-treated and untreated plots for white grub 
research areas at plantation ages 5 and 10 years. 
Trees per acre Tress per acre 
(treated) 
Percent 
(untreated) 
Percent 
Research area 
5 yrs 
10 yrs loss 5 yrs 10 yrs loss 
Bird 628 615 2 459 427 7 
Raco 737 
65@ 
11 609 536 12 
Townhall 829 821 I 745 730 2 
T ownline Lake 346 332 4 252 237 6 
apoo\ed data for only [Wo aldrin treatment plots instead of three. Data from the granular aldrin treat­
ment were omitted because of excessive mortality from Scleroderris canker. 
3
Fowler et al.: Projected Red Pine Yields from Aldrin-Treated and Untreated Stand
Published by ValpoScholar, 1982
168 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 15, No.3 
Table 
3. Volume yields 
of cordwood and sawtimber over a 120-year rotation in aldrin-treated 
and untreated plots for white grub research areas, using site index values for both treated 
and 
untreated plots. 
Volume removed Volume removed 
Treated Untreated Treated Untreated 
Age Cords MBFa Cords 
MBF Cords MBF Cords MBF 
BIRD RACO 
30 8.0 0.04 1.1 0.01 1.3 0.00 
40 7.0 1.24 5.7 0.87 6.7 0.10 2.7 0.00 
50 
3.4 3.59 3.2 2.44 5.0 0.76 4.3 0.32 
60 0.0 6.31 0.3 4.48 3.0 
1.74 3.0 0.82 
70 0.0 6.42 0.0 4.93 1.1 2.81 1.8 1.33 
80 0.0 5.53 0.0 4.41 0.0 3.47 0.8 1 73 
90 
0.0 4.76 0.0 3.86 0.0 3.35 0.0 
1.92 
100 0.0 4.11 0.0 3.38 0.0 3.06 0.0 1.69 
120 
0.0 31.30 0.0 27.08 0.0 23.33 0.0 16.34 Total 
18.4 63.30 
10.3 51.46 17.1 38.62 12.6 24.15 
%dif
b 
79 23 36 60 
TOWNHALL 
TOWNLINE 
LAKE 
30 18.7 0.17 8.6 0.00 1.5 0.11 
40 8.5 2.05 7.8 1.J3 4.5 2.48 2.3 1.74 
50 2.8 5.95 4.1 3.51 0.4 5.67 0.0 5.19 
60 0.0 9.00 0.0 6.55 0.0 6.64 0.0 5.57 
70 0.0 8.39 0.0 6.88 0.0 5.83 0.0 4.92 
80 0.0 7.00 0.0 5.90 0.0 5.03 0.0 4.30 
90 0.0 5.92 0.0 5.05 0.0 4.34 0.0 3.74 
100 
0.0 5.07 0.0 4.35 0.0 3.76 0.0 3.27 110 
0.0 37.72 0.0 32.33 0.0 30.97 0.0 28.27 Total 
30.0 81.27 20.5 65.70 6.4 64.83 
2.3 57.00 
%dif
b 46 
24 178 14 
aThousands of board feet. 
bThe 
percentage 
difference is the increase in volume of the treated product ver the corresponding 
untreated product. 
Volume yields of sawtimber and cordwood were projected over the length of the 120-year 
rOlaton by using calculated site index values from aldrin-treated and untreated plots (Table 
3). In all research areas more sawtimber and cordwood were produced in the aldrin-treated 
than 
in the untreated plots. The increase 
in sawtimber ranged from 14 to 60%; the cordwood 
increase ranged from 36 to 178%. The untreated Raco and Townline Lake plots could not be 
thinned at age 30 because of insufficient basal area. 
Projected stumpage values were estimated for the products produced over the 120-year 
rotation (Table 4). Total values for aldrin-treated trees ranged from 16 to 57% higher than 
those 
for untreated trees. The 
calculated internal rates 
of return (IRR) reached maximum at age 80 for the treated 
ar as except
for Raco where the maximum was reached 
at age 110 (Table 5). The IRR's 
reached 
maximum 
at age 90 for the untreated areas except for Raco where again it was 
reached at 
age 
110. Based on an economic rotation then, all the stands except Raco could be 
4
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 15, No. 3 [1982], Art. 5
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169 198~ THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 
Table .ok Stumpage valuea of red pine cordwood and sawlogs over a 120-year rotation in 
aldrin-treated and untreated plots for white grub research areas, using site index values for 
both 
treated (T) and untreated (U) plots for growth projections. 
Stumpage value ($/acre) 
Site index Cordwood Sawlog Total 
% Research area T U T U T U 
T U diff. 
Bird 59 51 146 82 1266 1029 1412 1111 27 
Racob 46 39 86 63 772 483 858 546 57 
TownhaIl 70 61 150 103 1625 1314 1775 1417 25 
T ownline Lake 58 53 51 18 1297 1140 1348 1158 16 
a1'1:'5 prices. 
bone 
aldrin treatment omitted from the pooled data because losses from disease were heavier than in other plots. yielding a significant difference in number of trees per acre.
Table 5. Internal rates of return ove  a range of rotation ages for aldrin-treated and untreated 
Jots by research areas and IO-year site index values. 
Internal rate of return (percent) 
Rotation 
age Treated Untreated Treated Untreated 
BIRD RACO 
SI59 5151 
60 
70 
80 
90 
100 
110 
120 
3.04 
3.21 
3.24 
3.24 
3.22 
3.19 
3.16 
2.15 
2.45 
2.57 
2.61 
2.61 
2.59 
2.57 
2.25 
2.50 
2.59 
2.61 
2.61 
2.59 
2.56 
1.17 
1.65 
1.91 
2.01 
2.05 
2.06 
2.05 
0.26 
0.73 
1.05 
1.24 
1.36 
1.39 . 8 
0.32 
0.84 Ll6 
1.36 .42 
1.44 
1.43 
TOWNHALL TOWNLINE 
LAKE 
5170 SI61 5161 SI53 
60 
70 
80 
90 
100 
110 
I:.!O 
3.60 
3.72 
3.73 
3.71 
3.69 
3.66 
3.63 
2.72 
2.98 
3.05 
3.06 
3.04 
3.02 
2.99 
2.79 
3.01 
3.07 
3.08 
3.06 
3.03 
3.00 
2.91 
3.()4 
3.07 
3.05 
3.03 
3.00 
2.96 
2.46 
2.66 
2.72 
2.73 
2.71 
2.68 
2.65 
2.52 
2.67 
2.71 
2.70 
2.68 
2.65 
2.62 
harvested at 
least 
30 years earlier than the planned rotation of 120 years. And early aldrin 
treatments 
for white grubs could reduce the rotation age by 
10 years. For untreated areas the 
maximum IRKs ranged from 1.44% at Raco to 3.08% at Townhall. Aldrin treatments rais d 
the IRKs to ~.08'7c at Raco to 3.73% at Townhall. These rotation ages and IRR percentages, 
except 
for the Raco area. compare favorably with the five-year projections presented by Fowler and 
Wilson (1975). 
5
Fowler et al.: Projected Red Pine Yields from Aldrin-Treated and Untreated Stand
Published by ValpoScholar, 1982
170 
• 
THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 15, No.3 
CONCLUSION 
White grubs affect pine plantations in at least two ways; they kill some trees and reduce 
the vigor and subsequent growth of others. Provided the number of living trees is not 
reduced below the level required for relatively full utilization of the site (perhaps as few as 
200 to 300 trees per acre), the effect of mortality alone is small on timber yields and financial 
returns in red pine plantations. White grubs, in reducing the vigor and hence the height 
growth of 
red pine trees, lower the apparent site quality and substantially affect yields and 
financial returns. 
Based 
on the projections presented here and an assumption that the relationships will 
continue to rotation age, greater product volumes, financial returns, and higher interest rates 
on 
the investment will be gained 
by preventing the grubs from destroying part of the root 
system 
and decreasing tree growth. 
LITERATURE 
CD'ED 
Buckman, R. E. 1%2. Growth and yield of red pine in Minnesota. USDA For. Serv., St. 
Paul, MN. Tech. Bull. 1272. 50 p. 
Fowler, R. F. 1973 Insecticide use in the National Forests of the Lake States: a history. 
USDA 
For. Serv., Northeastern Area S&PF, St. Paul, MN. Report 5-72-8. 50 p. 
Fowler, R. F. and 
L. F. Wilson. 1971a. White grub populations, Phyllophaga spp., in 
relation to damaged red pine seedlings in Michigan and Wisconsin plantations 
(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Mich. Entomol. 4:23-28. 
----. 
1971b. Evaluation 
of three aldrin application methods for white grub, Phyllo­
phaga spp., control (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Mich. Entomol. 4:89-91. 
----. 1974. 
Injury to aldrin-treated and untreated red pine by white grubs (Coleoptera: 
Scarabaeidae) and other agents during first five years after planting. Great Lakes 
Entomol. 7:81-88. ----. 1975. 
Projected red pine yields from aldrin-treated and untreated stands damaged 
by white grubs and other agents. Great Lakes Entomol. 8:227-230. 
Kittredge, 
J., Jr. 1929. Forest planting in the Lake States. USDA Bull. 1497. 88 p. 
Lundgren, A. L. 1966. Estimating investment returns from growing red pine. USDA For. 
Serv., North 
Cent. For. Exp. Sta., St. Paul, MN. Res. Pap. NC-2. 
48 p. 
1981 
The effect 
of initial number of trees per acre and thinning densities on 
timber yields from red pine plantation in the Lake States. USDA For. Serv., North Cent. 
For. 
Exp. 
Sta., St. Paul, MN. Res. Pap. NC-193. 25 p. 
Lundgren, A. L. and D. L. Schweitzer. 1971. NCRETURN computer program for evaluat­
ing investments revised to provide additional information. USDA For. Serv., North Cent. 
For. 
Exp. 
Sta., S1. Paul, MN. Res. Note NC-l11. 4 p. 
Schweitzer, D. L., A. L. Lundgren, and R. F. Wambach. 1967. A computer program for 
evaluating long-term forestry investments. USDA For. Serv .. North Cent. For. Exp. Sta., 
S1. 
Paul, MN. Res. Pap. NC-IO. 
34 p. 
Wambach, R. R. 1%7. A silvicultural 2nd economic appraisal of initial spacing in red pine. 
Ph.D. thesis. Univ. Minnesota, Minneapolis. 282 p. 
6
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 15, No. 3 [1982], Art. 5
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Projected Red Pine Yields from Aldrin-Treated and Untreated Stands Damaged by White Grub (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Other Agents at Stand Age Ten Years

Valparaiso University

The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 15 Number 3 - Fall 1982 Number 3 - Fall 1982 Article 5 October 1982 Projected Red Pine Yields from Aldrin-Treated and Untreated Stands Damaged by White Grub (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Other Agents at Stand Age Ten Years Richard F. Fowler USDA Forest Service Louis F. Wilson USDA Forest Service Allen L. Lundgren USDA Forest Service Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle  Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Fowler, Richard F.; Wilson, Louis F.; and Lundgren, Allen L. 1982. "Projected Red Pine Yields from Aldrin-Treated and Untreated Stands Damaged by White Grub (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Other Agents at Stand Age Ten Years," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 15 (3) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol15/iss3/5 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. PROJECTED RED PINE YIELDS FROM ALDRIN-TREATED AND UNTREATED STANDS DAMAGED BY WHITE GRUB (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) AND OTHER AGENTS AT STAND AGE TEN YEARS Richard F. Fowler, I Louis F. Wilson.2 and Allen L. Lundgren2 ABSTRACT White grubs affect pine plantations by killing some trees and by reducing vigor and growth of others. Light to moderate mortality only slightly affects timber yields and financial re­turns if the level of trees remains at the number required for full utilization of the site. Reduced height growth, however, lowers apparent site quality and substantially affects yields and financial returns. The 100year projections suggest that greater product volumes, financial returns. and higher interest rates on the investment will be gained by grub control before tree growth is reduced. During the first few years after planting, red pines, Pi u  resinosa Ait., are vulnerable to several injurious agents including white grubs, the larvae of May beetles. Phy lophaga spp. I Kittredge 1929). To protect seedlings from white grubs, more than 12,000 acres of National Forest land in the Lake States were treated with aldrin) Almost 10,000 of these acres were on the Hiawatha National Forest in Michigan (Fowler 1973). To assess white grub injury and to determine the effectiveness of different aldrin treat­m ms on white grub populations, studies were begun on the Hiawatha National Forest in 196-. White grubs killed many trees and suppressed others in the research areas. More than half of the total tree mortalty during the first five years after planting, however, was at­tributed to disease organisms, improper planting practices, and other agents (Fowler and Wilson 1971a_ 1974}. The overall impact of the white grubs and other agents was assessed and then grmnh and yield projections of the red pine were made after five years (Fowler and Wilson 1975). Growth and yield projection made from the trees after 10 years are presented here: direct comparisons to the five-year projections are not possible due to changes made in some of the assumptions in the lO-year growth and yield program projections. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four white grub infested research areas (designated Bird, Raco. Townhall, and Townline Lake} were machine-planted with 3-0 and 2-1 nursery stock red pine in 1967 on the Hiawatha .:s-ational F rest. Because terrain a d obstacles differed, initial tree stocking ranged from 450 to 1037 trees per acre in the four study plantations. The Townline Lake area had the lowest stocking because it was a conversion of a poorly stocked hardwood stand. Three aldrin treatments were evaluated by using a randomized complete block design replicated fiye times in each planting. Aldrin was applied both as a liquid solution and as a granular formulation by a dispenser on the planting machines, and as a liquid solution with a ..... o,nhca:';[cl11 Area. State and Private Forestry, USDA Forest Service. Centra.! Forest Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service, St. Paul, MN 55108, publication reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registerd b} appropriate state or fedeml agencies before they can be recommended. 165 1Fowler et al.: Projected Red Pine Yields from Aldrin-Treated and Untreated StandPublished by ValpoScholar, 1982166 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 15, No.3 backpack pump and wand. Further details of the results of the tests are found in Fowler and Wilson (l97Ib, 1974). For the first three years after planting, the trees were monitored for height growth, causes of injury, and mortality. Height growth and mortality of the pines were also measured in the research plots after five years, and then growth and yield projections were made from the five-year data. After the 10th growing season, tree height and mortality were again recorded for all trees in all study plots. Site index values were calculated from the height of three dominant or codominant trees from each plot. Growth and yield projections were then made from iO-year data. The Raco granular aldrin treatment was excluded from the IO-year projections because of heavy mortality from Scleroderris canker, Gremmel1iella abietil1a. GROWTH AND YIELD PROGRAM Growth and yield volumes and values for the study plantings were projected by using a computer program called REDPINE.4 The management pro isions in the Timber Manage­ment Plan of the Hiawatha Natinal Forest were used in the projections. Basic inputs to the program included (I) nature of each stand (new plantations); (2) site index of each stand (from Table 0; (3) age of trees at the time of establishment (3 years at planting); and (4) number of trees an acre alive at 10 years after planting (from Table 2). At the start, all plantations were considered to be age 0 and the planting stock to be age 3. Projections were made at five-year intervals, from stand-age 0 to rotation-age 120 years. The stands were thinned to 90 square feet basal area, beginning at age 30 when possible, and every 10 years thereafter to age 100. Final harvest was made at age 120. The model assumes a varying distribution of tree diameters within the stand (Lundgren 1981). Cubic-foot volume is the total stem volume under bark, not limited by a merchantable top. Board foot volume is the volume of sawtimber in trees 9.0 inches d.b.h. and larger using the International 0.25-inch rule. Cordwood volume includes all merchantable volume in trees 5.0 to 9.0 inches d.b.h. White grubs and most other injurious agents kill trees in a contagious distribution and not randomly, usually resulting in distinct pockets of dead trees. The dead trees, however, were not sufficiently clumped in the study plots to cause concern, and we assumed that the little uneven distribution would be evened out during early thinings. The economic analysis of the alternative treatments was made using the investment analysis program RETURN (Lundgren and Schweitzer 1971, Schweitzer et al. 1967). As­sumed planting costs were $94 per acre direct and $38 per acre indirect. Sales administration costs were $0.0029 per cubic foot harvested. The costs of the chemical and application were not included in the basic inputs into the computer program. Cost of the chemical was less than $1 per acre, and except for occasional filling of the dispensing apparatus in the planting machine, no extra time or effort was expended in applying the chemical when the granular aldrin was used. Liquid applications added to the cost. Stumpage values of expected products used were $20 per thousand board feet (MBF) for sawtimber. Cordwood values were $5 per cord for Townhall and Raco and S7.92 per cord for Bird and Townline Lake. These are 1975 values used to keep the five-year and lO-year projections similar. The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) was computed for each stand for a wide range of rotation ages. The IRR is a measure frequently used to indicate when a stand should be harvested in order to maximize financial returns. It is the rate of interest earned over an investment period on all invested capital and the rate of interest that would make the sum of all compounded costs equal to the sum of all compounded incomes (Lundgren 1966). 4Developed by A. L Lundgren. The computer program. not yet published, is based on growth and yield equations developed by Buckman (1962) and Wambach (1967). The growth model is briefly described by Lundgren (1981). 2The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 15, No. 3 [1982], Art. 5https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol15/iss3/519K! THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 167 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Site index values calculated from IO-year heights differed somewhat from the five-year values. which were estimated from soil characteristics alone because of small tree size (Table I). Site index values were reasonably close between the five- and IO-year data for Bird and Townhall, but the five-year indexes for Raco and Townline Lake appeared to overestimate the site. Also, mean lO-year site index calculations from the aldrin-treated plots were consistently and significantly (P < 0,05) higher than those from the untreated plots. The significantly higher index values and taller trees in the treated plots suggest that the aldrin affected the outcome. We know that aldrin killed many of the grubs and thus lessened root injury in the treated areas, The response from this lessened injury apparently is greater height growth. Also, site indexes calculated for the aldrin-treated plots would thus be the most realistic for each research area as height growth of trees in the untreated plots is affected by grub feeding injury. Between the fifth and 10th years, tree mortality averaged 1-11% in the aldrin-treated plots and 2-1.2% in the untreated plots (Table 2). One aldrin-treated plot at Raco, which was eliminated from analysis, had 17% mortality but most f that was caused by Scleroderris canker. No mortality between the fifth and 10th years was attributed to white grub feeding as we had predicted previously (Fowler and Wilson 1975). A few trees weakened by grubs during the first five years may have died during the latter period, but as losses were pro­portionately the same for treated and untreated plots, the effect from grubs must have been small. Table L Five- and IO-year site index values for aldrin-treated and untreated plots for white grub research areas, Hiawatha National Forest. Site indexa Site indexb 5th year 10th year Research Treated and Treated Untreated area untreated plots plots plots Bird 55 59 51 Raw 55 46 39 Townhall 65 70 61 line Lake 65 58 53 aEstimated by soil characteristics of each research area. bcalculated from height of three dominant or codominant trees in ach lot. Treatments were pooled be-.-ause there were no significant differences in tree heights among treatments. Table ::!. Mean number of trees per acre for aldrin-treated and untreated plots for white grub research areas at plantation ages 5 and 10 years. Trees per acre Tress per acre (treated) Percent (untreated) Percent Research area 5 yrs 10 yrs loss 5 yrs 10 yrs loss Bird 628 615 2 459 427 7 Raco 737 65@ 11 609 536 12 Townhall 829 821 I 745 730 2 T ownline Lake 346 332 4 252 237 6 apoo\ed data for only [Wo aldrin treatment plots instead of three. Data from the granular aldrin treat­ment were omitted because of excessive mortality from Scleroderris canker. 3Fowler et al.: Projected Red Pine Yields from Aldrin-Treated and Untreated StandPublished by ValpoScholar, 1982168 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 15, No.3 Table 3. Volume yields of cordwood and sawtimber over a 120-year rotation in aldrin-treated and untreated plots for white grub research areas, using site index values for both treated and untreated plots. Volume removed Volume removed Treated Untreated Treated Untreated Age Cords MBFa Cords MBF Cords MBF Cords MBF BIRD RACO 30 8.0 0.04 1.1 0.01 1.3 0.00 40 7.0 1.24 5.7 0.87 6.7 0.10 2.7 0.00 50 3.4 3.59 3.2 2.44 5.0 0.76 4.3 0.32 60 0.0 6.31 0.3 4.48 3.0 1.74 3.0 0.82 70 0.0 6.42 0.0 4.93 1.1 2.81 1.8 1.33 80 0.0 5.53 0.0 4.41 0.0 3.47 0.8 1 73 90 0.0 4.76 0.0 3.86 0.0 3.35 0.0 1.92 100 0.0 4.11 0.0 3.38 0.0 3.06 0.0 1.69 120 0.0 31.30 0.0 27.08 0.0 23.33 0.0 16.34 Total 18.4 63.30 10.3 51.46 17.1 38.62 12.6 24.15 %difb 79 23 36 60 TOWNHALL TOWNLINE LAKE 30 18.7 0.17 8.6 0.00 1.5 0.11 40 8.5 2.05 7.8 1.J3 4.5 2.48 2.3 1.74 50 2.8 5.95 4.1 3.51 0.4 5.67 0.0 5.19 60 0.0 9.00 0.0 6.55 0.0 6.64 0.0 5.57 70 0.0 8.39 0.0 6.88 0.0 5.83 0.0 4.92 80 0.0 7.00 0.0 5.90 0.0 5.03 0.0 4.30 90 0.0 5.92 0.0 5.05 0.0 4.34 0.0 3.74 100 0.0 5.07 0.0 4.35 0.0 3.76 0.0 3.27 110 0.0 37.72 0.0 32.33 0.0 30.97 0.0 28.27 Total 30.0 81.27 20.5 65.70 6.4 64.83 2.3 57.00 %difb 46 24 178 14 aThousands of board feet. bThe percentage difference is the increase in volume of the treated product ver the corresponding untreated product. Volume yields of sawtimber and cordwood were projected over the length of the 120-year rOlaton by using calculated site index values from aldrin-treated and untreated plots (Table 3). In all research areas more sawtimber and cordwood were produced in the aldrin-treated than in the untreated plots. The increase in sawtimber ranged from 14 to 60%; the cordwood increase ranged from 36 to 178%. The untreated Raco and Townline Lake plots could not be thinned at age 30 because of insufficient basal area. Projected stumpage values were estimated for the products produced over the 120-year rotation (Table 4). Total values for aldrin-treated trees ranged from 16 to 57% higher than those for untreated trees. The calculated internal rates of return (IRR) reached maximum at age 80 for the treated ar as exceptfor Raco where the maximum was reached at age 110 (Table 5). The IRR's reached maximum at age 90 for the untreated areas except for Raco where again it was reached at age 110. Based on an economic rotation then, all the stands except Raco could be 4The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 15, No. 3 [1982], Art. 5https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol15/iss3/5169 198~ THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Table .ok Stumpage valuea of red pine cordwood and sawlogs over a 120-year rotation in aldrin-treated and untreated plots for white grub research areas, using site index values for both treated (T) and untreated (U) plots for growth projections. Stumpage value ($/acre) Site index Cordwood Sawlog Total % Research area T U T U T U T U diff. Bird 59 51 146 82 1266 1029 1412 1111 27 Racob 46 39 86 63 772 483 858 546 57 TownhaIl 70 61 150 103 1625 1314 1775 1417 25 T ownline Lake 58 53 51 18 1297 1140 1348 1158 16 a1'1:'5 prices. bone aldrin treatment omitted from the pooled data because losses from disease were heavier than in other plots. yielding a significant difference in number of trees per acre.Table 5. Internal rates of return ove  a range of rotation ages for aldrin-treated and untreated Jots by research areas and IO-year site index values. Internal rate of return (percent) Rotation age Treated Untreated Treated Untreated BIRD RACO SI59 5151 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 3.04 3.21 3.24 3.24 3.22 3.19 3.16 2.15 2.45 2.57 2.61 2.61 2.59 2.57 2.25 2.50 2.59 2.61 2.61 2.59 2.56 1.17 1.65 1.91 2.01 2.05 2.06 2.05 0.26 0.73 1.05 1.24 1.36 1.39 . 8 0.32 0.84 Ll6 1.36 .42 1.44 1.43 TOWNHALL TOWNLINE LAKE 5170 SI61 5161 SI53 60 70 80 90 100 110 I:.!O 3.60 3.72 3.73 3.71 3.69 3.66 3.63 2.72 2.98 3.05 3.06 3.04 3.02 2.99 2.79 3.01 3.07 3.08 3.06 3.03 3.00 2.91 3.()4 3.07 3.05 3.03 3.00 2.96 2.46 2.66 2.72 2.73 2.71 2.68 2.65 2.52 2.67 2.71 2.70 2.68 2.65 2.62 harvested at least 30 years earlier than the planned rotation of 120 years. And early aldrin treatments for white grubs could reduce the rotation age by 10 years. For untreated areas the maximum IRKs ranged from 1.44% at Raco to 3.08% at Townhall. Aldrin treatments rais d the IRKs to ~.08'7c at Raco to 3.73% at Townhall. These rotation ages and IRR percentages, except for the Raco area. compare favorably with the five-year projections presented by Fowler and Wilson (1975). 5Fowler et al.: Projected Red Pine Yields from Aldrin-Treated and Untreated StandPublished by ValpoScholar, 1982170 • THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 15, No.3 CONCLUSION White grubs affect pine plantations in at least two ways; they kill some trees and reduce the vigor and subsequent growth of others. Provided the number of living trees is not reduced below the level required for relatively full utilization of the site (perhaps as few as 200 to 300 trees per acre), the effect of mortality alone is small on timber yields and financial returns in red pine plantations. White grubs, in reducing the vigor and hence the height growth of red pine trees, lower the apparent site quality and substantially affect yields and financial returns. Based on the projections presented here and an assumption that the relationships will continue to rotation age, greater product volumes, financial returns, and higher interest rates on the investment will be gained by preventing the grubs from destroying part of the root system and decreasing tree growth. LITERATURE CD'ED Buckman, R. E. 1%2. Growth and yield of red pine in Minnesota. USDA For. Serv., St. Paul, MN. Tech. Bull. 1272. 50 p. Fowler, R. F. 1973 Insecticide use in the National Forests of the Lake States: a history. USDA For. Serv., Northeastern Area S&PF, St. Paul, MN. Report 5-72-8. 50 p. Fowler, R. F. and L. F. Wilson. 1971a. White grub populations, Phyllophaga spp., in relation to damaged red pine seedlings in Michigan and Wisconsin plantations (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Mich. Entomol. 4:23-28. ----. 1971b. Evaluation of three aldrin application methods for white grub, Phyllo­phaga spp., control (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Mich. Entomol. 4:89-91. ----. 1974. Injury to aldrin-treated and untreated red pine by white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and other agents during first five years after planting. Great Lakes Entomol. 7:81-88. ----. 1975. Projected red pine yields from aldrin-treated and untreated stands damaged by white grubs and other agents. Great Lakes Entomol. 8:227-230. Kittredge, J., Jr. 1929. Forest planting in the Lake States. USDA Bull. 1497. 88 p. Lundgren, A. L. 1966. Estimating investment returns from growing red pine. USDA For. Serv., North Cent. For. Exp. Sta., St. Paul, MN. Res. Pap. NC-2. 48 p. 1981 The effect of initial number of trees per acre and thinning densities on timber yields from red pine plantation in the Lake States. USDA For. Serv., North Cent. For. Exp. Sta., St. Paul, MN. Res. Pap. NC-193. 25 p. Lundgren, A. L. and D. L. Schweitzer. 1971. NCRETURN computer program for evaluat­ing investments revised to provide additional information. USDA For. Serv., North Cent. For. Exp. Sta., S1. Paul, MN. Res. Note NC-l11. 4 p. Schweitzer, D. L., A. L. Lundgren, and R. F. Wambach. 1967. A computer program for evaluating long-term forestry investments. USDA For. Serv .. North Cent. For. Exp. Sta., S1. Paul, MN. Res. Pap. NC-IO. 34 p. Wambach, R. R. 1%7. A silvicultural 2nd economic appraisal of initial spacing in red pine. Ph.D. thesis. Univ. Minnesota, Minneapolis. 282 p. 6The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 15, No. 3 [1982], Art. 5https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol15/iss3/5

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Projected Red Pine Yields from Aldrin-Treated and Untreated Stands Damaged by White Grub (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Other Agents at Stand Age Ten Years

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