Method of fabricating a photovoltaic module of a substantially transparent construction

A method characterized by the steps of positioning a plurality of uniformly dimensioned photovoltaic cells in registered relation with a plurality of openings formed in a planar tool is disclosed. The method allows acess to the P contact surface of each of the cells. The steps of the method are: (1) connecting the N contact surface of alternate cells to the P contact surface of the cells interposed therebetween, (2) removing therefrom residue of solder flux, (3) applying to the N contact surfaces of the cells a transparent adhesive, (4) placing a common transparent cover plate in engaged relation with the adhesive, (5) placing a film over the circular openings for hermetically sealing the openings, and (6) establishing a vacuum between the film and the cover plate

S5 0716+714 : GeV variability study

The GeV observations by Fermi-LAT give us the opportunity to characterize the high-energy emission (100 MeV - 300 GeV) variability properties of the BL Lac object S5 0716+714. In this study, we performed flux and spectral analysis of more than 3 year long (August 2008 to April 2012) Fermi-LAT data of the source. During this period, the source exhibits two different modes of flux variability with characteristic timescales of ~75 and ~140 days, respectively. We also notice that the flux variations are characterized by a weak spectral hardening. The GeV spectrum of the source shows a clear deviation from a simple power law, and is better explained by a broken power law. Similar to other bright Fermi blazars, the break energy does not vary with the source flux during the different activity states. We discuss several possible scenarios to explain the observed spectral break.Comment: 21 pages, 10 figures, Accepted for publication in Advances in Space Research journa

Quantifying the co-impacts of energy sector decarbonisation on outdoor air pollution in the United Kingdom

The energy sector is a major contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and other types of air pollution that negatively impact human health and the environment. Policy targets to achieve decarbonisation goals for national energy systems will therefore impact levels of air pollution. Advantages can be gained from considering these co-impacts when analysing technology transition scenarios in order to avoid tension between climate change and air quality policies. We incorporated non-GHG air pollution into a bottom-up, technoeconomic energy systems model that is at the core of UK decarbonisation policy development. We then used this model to assess the co-impacts of decarbonisation on other types of air pollution and evaluated the extent to which transition pathways would be altered if these other pollutants were considered. In a scenario where the UK meets its existing decarbonisation targets to 2050, including the costs of non-GHG air pollution led to a 40% and 45% decrease in PM10 and PM2.5 pollution (respectively) between 2010 and 2050 due to changes in technology choice in residential heating. Conversely, limited change in the pollution profile for transportation were observed, suggesting that other policy strategies will be necessary to reduce pollution from transport

New holomorphically closed subalgebras of C∗C^*-algebras of hyperbolic groups

We construct dense, unconditional subalgebras of the reduced group $C^*$-algebra of a word-hyperbolic group, which are closed under holomorphic functional calculus and possess many bounded traces. Applications to the cyclic cohomology of group $C^*$-algebras and to delocalized $L^2$-invariants of negatively curved manifolds are given

Crime, Punishment and Personality: An Examination of the Deterrence Question

While the presumed deterrent effect of punishment provides the cornerstone of the criminal justice system, it would be a mistake to assume that deterrence is well established in both theory and research. Recognizing the limitations of deterrence investigations, this study examines the relationship between a person\u27s perceptions of punishment and their actual criminal involvement. Most deterrence investigations have focused primarily upon homicide and the death penalty. Although these investigations suggest that the threat of sanctions may have an important deterrent effect, careful examination shows them to suffer from serious theoretical and methodological limitations. Through this study, it was found out that the perceptions of certainty and severity of punishment proved generally unrelated to reported criminal involvement in each offense. For each dimension of punishment the dominant pattern is a very slight negative, or slight positive, correlation between several variables. Moreover, the relationship between perceived severity of both official and unofficial sanctions and reported behavior, was found to be generally unaffected by perceived certainty of apprehension by the police

Crime, Punishment and Personality: Examination of Deterrence Question

While the presumed deterrent effect of punishment provides the cornerstone of the criminal justice system, it would be a mistake to assume that deterrence is well established in both theory and research. Recognizing the limitations of deterrence investigations, this study examines the relationship between a person\u27s perceptions of punishment and their actual criminal involvement. Most deterrence investigations have focused primarily upon homicide and the death penalty. Although these investigations suggest that the threat of sanctions may have an important deterrent effect, careful examination shows them to suffer from serious theoretical and methodological limitations. Through this study, it was found out that the perceptions of certainty and severity of punishment proved generally unrelated to reported criminal involvement in each offense. For each dimension of punishment the dominant pattern is a very slight negative, or slight positive, correlation between several variables. Moreover, the relationship between perceived severity of both official and unofficial sanctions and reported behavior, was found to be generally unaffected by perceived certainty of apprehension by the police

Crime, Punishment and Personality: Examination of Deterrence Question

While the presumed deterrent effect of punishment provides the cornerstone of the criminal justice system, it would be a mistake to assume that deterrence is well established in both theory and research. Recognizing the limitations of deterrence investigations, this study examines the relationship between a person\u27s perceptions of punishment and their actual criminal involvement. Most deterrence investigations have focused primarily upon homicide and the death penalty. Although these investigations suggest that the threat of sanctions may have an important deterrent effect, careful examination shows them to suffer from serious theoretical and methodological limitations. Through this study, it was found out that the perceptions of certainty and severity of punishment proved generally unrelated to reported criminal involvement in each offense. For each dimension of punishment the dominant pattern is a very slight negative, or slight positive, correlation between several variables. Moreover, the relationship between perceived severity of both official and unofficial sanctions and reported behavior, was found to be generally unaffected by perceived certainty of apprehension by the police