Residential choice and sustainability : comparing people and place performances in sprawled city

Cette thèse examine la performance de durabilité du comportement des ménages et les compare à leur lieu de résidence. Elle porte sur un sujet novateur et important. Les résultats apportent un éclairage singulier sur la complexité des liens qui unissent comportements résidentiels et des milieux de vie en matière de durabilité. Dans le but d'identifier les variables pour évaluer la durabilité du comportement, elle étudie les preuves scientifiques. Les résultats montrent que les indicateurs utilisés le plus souvent pour évaluer la durabilité des lieux de résidence représentent l'environnement bâti en relation avec sa forme, avec ses fonctions et avec sa densité, ainsi que ses caractéristiques socio-économiques. Pour évaluer la durabilité du comportement, des indicateurs multiples de différentes natures sont utilisés. Ces derniers sont environnementaux, sociaux, économiques et les modes de transport de la mobilité quotidienne, ainsi que l'espace et le temps parcourus. Les liens trouvés entre la performance de durabilité des lieux et les comportements sont décrits comme correspondant ou ayant un manque de congruence. Un cadre d'inventaire est proposé pour aider à étudier la performance du choix résidentiel concernant les trois piliers de la durabilité. Pour ce faire, un groupe de 740 ménages, avec au moins un répondant travaillant à temps plein, est analysé. La base de données est «Demain Québec» : un sondage en ligne réalisé auprès des résidents de la région métropolitaine de Québec, et ce, détaillant leurs profils socioéconomiques, résidences et caractéristiques de mobilité. Pour évaluer la durabilité du comportement, une analyse en composante principale est effectuée sur 20 variables. Six facteurs représentant 74,9% de la variance sont extraits. Ils sont les suivants: 1) la dépendance au véhicule, la distance globale parcourue, et les coûts économiques 2) l’intensité globale d’activité, 3) l’intensité d'activités récréatives et les distances parcourues, 4) l’intensité d'activités de magasinage et les distances parcourues, 5) les distances parcourues dans les transports en commun et les dépenses temporelles et 6) les dépenses de logement et les distances parcourues moyennant le transport actif. Ces facteurs sont soumis à l’analyse Two-step Cluster conduisant à l'identification de sept profils comportementaux: « Immobile Shoppers », « Immobile Recreationist using Public Transport », « Savers-on-Time and Spenders-on-Housing », « Mobile Individuals using Public Transport », « Mobile Individuals using Active Transport », « Hypermobile Shoppers using Car », and « Recreationist using Car ». Pour évaluer la performance de durabilité des lieux et pour la comparer aux profils de comportements, nous utilisons le Walk Score. Pour certains profiles, les résultats confirment la correspondance entre la performance des lieux et des ménages, alors que pour d’autres, l'influence de la localisation semble être perturbée par les caractéristiques socio-économiques des ménages. Dans certains groupes, ces indicateurs ne tiennent compte ni de la congruence ni de la discordance entre la durabilité du lieu et de la durabilité du comportement. Ce sont plutôt les activités dominantes des ménages par rapport à l'endroit où elles se déroulent qui jouent un rôle crucial dans la prospérité durable. Dans la dernière étape, la thèse examine la désirabilité de choix résidentiels durables conçue comme satisfaction acquise et aspiration future. Cet examen se base sur les typologies comportementales développées à l'étape précédente. Les résultats montrent que des choix résidentiels à la fois durables et désirables sont possibles. Cependant, les ménages qui font de tels choix sont moins satisfaits de la verdure, de la tranquillité, de l'ambiance, de la sécurité et des caractéristiques des voisins. En outre, les sources d'insatisfaction ne constituent pas nécessairement les intentions de déménagement. Les principales raisons de déménagement sont souvent liées au désir de devenir propriétaire ou d'avoir accès à une résidence plus grande. Pour ce qui est des choix de logements, les ménages tiennent surtout compte des caractéristiques environnementales qui correspondent à leurs besoins et à leurs objectifs à un stade particulier de leur vie et à leurs activités dominantes. Bien que le milieu bâti joue un rôle majeur dans la réalisation de choix durables et désirables, les ménages sont les protagonistes de l'amélioration de la prospérité durable.This thesis examines the sustainability performance of households’ behaviors and compares it to their place of living. This thesis deals with an innovative and important subject. The results shed light on the complexity of the links between residential behaviors and the living environment regarding sustainability behaviors. With the aim of identifying variables to evaluate behavioral sustainability, it investigates the scientific evidence. The results show that the indicators frequently used to assess the sustainability of the places depict the built environment regarding its form, functions and density, and its socio-economic features. To evaluate the behavioral sustainability, multiple indicators are used of different natures, that is, environmental, social, economic, and transport modes related to daily mobility, as well as traveled space and time. The links found between sustainability performance of places and behaviors are described as matching or lacking congruity. An inventory framework is proposed to help to study the performance of residential choice concerning the three pillars of sustainability. Applying this framework, a group of 740 households with at least one respondent working full-time is analyzed. The database is « Demain Québec » an Internet survey of residents of the Quebec City metro area detailing their socio-economic profiles, residences and mobility characteristics. To assess the behavioral sustainability, a principal component analysis is performed on 20 variables. Six factors are extracted accounting for 74.9% of the variance. They are as follows: 1) Car dependency, global travel distance, and economic costs, 2) Global activity intensity, 3) Recreational activity intensity and travel distance, 4) Shopping activity intensity and travel distance, 5) Travel distance in public transport and global travel time costs, and 6) Housing expenditures and global active transport distance. These factors are put on to a two-step clustering analysis leading to identification of seven behavioral profiles: « Immobile Shoppers », « Immobile Recreationist using Public Transport », « Savers-on-Time and Spenders-on-Housing », « Mobile Individuals using Public Transport », « Mobile Individuals using Active Transport », « Hypermobile Shoppers using Car », and « Recreationist using Car ». To assess the sustainability performance of places and to compare it to the profiles of behaviors, we use the neighborhood Walk Score. The results confirm the correspondence between place and people’s performance for some profiles, while for the others, the influence of location seems to be interfered by socio-economic characteristics of households. In some groups, neither these indicators do not account for the fitness or discrepancy between the both. It is rather the households’ prevailing activities in relationship with the location in which they go on that plays a crucial role in sustainable prosperity. In the final step, the thesis examines the desirability of sustainable residential choices, understood as satisfaction-with and aspiration for, based on the behavioral typologies developed in the previous step. The results show residential choices that at once sustainable and desirable are possible. However, households who make such choices are less satisfied with the greenery, quietness, and ambiance, security, and characteristics of neighbors. Also, sources of dissatisfaction does not necessarily drive the moving intentions. The main reasons for moving are often connected to the desire to become a homeowner or having access to a larger residence. On their residential choice decisions, households regard mostly the environmental features which are in accordance with their needs and goals at a particular stage in their life’s course, as well as their dominant activity. Although the built environment plays a major role in the achievement of desirable sustainable choices, the households are the protagonist in enhancing sustainable prosperity

Neurometabolic Diagnosis in Children who referred as Neurodevelopmental Delay (A Practical Criteria, in Iranian Pediatric Patients)

How to Cite This Article: Karimzadeh P, Jafari N, Nejad Biglari H, Jabbehdari J, Khayat Zadeh S, Ahmad Abadi F, Lotfi A. Neurometabolic Diagnosis in Children who referred as Neurodevelopmental Delay (A Practical Criteria, in Iranian Pediatric Patients). Iran J Child Neurol. Summer 2016; 10(3):73-81. ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the clinical and para clinical manifestations of neuro metabolic disorders, in patients who presented by neuro developmental delay in their neuro developmental milestones.Materials & MethodsThe patients diagnosed as neuro developmental delay and regression with or without seizure at the Neurology Department of Mofid Children Hospital in Tehran, Iran between 2004 and 2014 were included in our study. These patients diagnosed as neuro developmental delay by pediatric neurologists in view of diagnostic /screening neuro developmental assessment tests. The patients who completed our inclusion criteria as neuro metabolic disorders were evaluated in terms of metabolic and genetic study in referral lab.ResultsOverall, 213 patients with neurometabolic disorders were diagnosed. 54.3% of patients were male. The average age of patients was 41 +-46.1 months. 71.4% of parent’s patients had consanguinity of marriages. Eighty seven percent of patients had developmental delay (or/and) regression. 55.5% of them had different type of seizures. Overall, 213 patients with 34 different neurometabolic disorders were diagnosed and classified in the 7 sub classes, consisting of:1- organic acidemia and aminoacidopathy (122 patients), 2-storage disease (37 patients) 3- eukodystrophy (27 patients), other classes consisted: lipid oxidation disorders, urea cycle disorders, progressive myoclonic epilepsy; and peroxizomal disorders (27 patients).ConclusionIn patients with developmental delay or regression, with or without seizure, abnormal neurologic exam along with positive family history of similar disorder or relative parents, abnormal brain imaging with specific patterns, neurometabolic disorders should be considered as one of the important treatable diseases. ReferencesBrismar J. CT and MRI of the brain in inherited neurometabolic disorders. J Child Neurol 1992 Apr;7 Suppl:S112-31.Barkovich AJ. An approach to MRI of metabolic disorders in children. J Neuroradiol 2007; 34(2):75-88.Barkovich AJ. 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Iran J Child Neurol 2014;8(1):58-61.35.Desai S, Ganesan K, Hegde A.Biotinidase deficiency: a reversible metabolic encephalopathy. Neuroimaging and MR spectroscopic findings in a series of four patients. Pediatr Radiol 2008;38(8):848-56.Karimzadeh P, Ahmadabadi F, Jafari N, Jabbehdari S, Alaee MR, Ghofrani M, Taghdiri MM, Tonekaboni SH. Biotinidase deficiency: a reversible neurometabolic disorder (an Iranian pediatric case series). Iran J Child Neurol 2013;7(4):47-52.Brismar J, Ozand PT.CT and MR of the brain in disorders of the propionate and methylmalonate metabolism. Am J Neuroradiol 1994;15(8):1459-73.Karimzadeh P, Jafari N, Ahmad Abadi F, Jabbedari S, Taghdiri MM, Nemati H, Saket S, Shariatmadari SF, Alaee MR, Ghofrani M, Tonekaboni SH. Methylmalonic acidemia: diagnosis and neuroimaging findings of this neurometabolic disorder (an Iranian pediatric case series). Iran J Child Neurol 2013;7(3):63-6.

Chapitre 5. Regards actuels sur un vieux débat

Chaque année, nombre de familles et leurs enfants quittent Montréal pour vivre dans les banlieues de la région métropolitaine, que ce soit sur l’île de Montréal ou sur les rives nord et sud du fleuve Saint-Laurent. Pourquoi les familles quittent-elles la « ville » pour aller en « banlieue » ? Cette question est loin d’être nouvelle… Plusieurs chercheurs et professionnels en aménagement, urbanisme, géographie ou sociologie ont avancé bon nombre de facteurs explicatifs : préférences pour l’habi..

The Relation Between Religious Practice and Committing Suicide: Common and Suicidal People in Darehshahr, Iran

AbstractThis article attempts to study the relationship between different dimensions of religiosity – ideological, emotional, ritual, knowledge, and consequential - and committing suicide. Based on theories of Clark, Stark and Meadow on religiosity, as well as theories of Durkheim, Porter Field, Gibbs and Martin on suicide, and by using survey method, descriptive statistics, T- test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient, the study tries to illustrate the relation between different aspects of religiosity and committing suicide in Darehshahr, Iran, 2009. Findings of the research indicate that different dimensions of religiosity among normal individuals (control group) are higher than that among the suicidal people

Therapeutic Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Chronic Kidney Disease-Associated Pruritus: a Literature Review

Uremic pruritus remains one of the most tormenting, frequent and potentially disabling problem in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. However, an area of substantial etiological interest with relation to uremic pruritus is the essential fatty acids deficiency. So we performed a literature review to elucidate the efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids on uremic pruritus. This review evaluated all of the studies published in English language, focusing on the clinical effects of omega-3 fatty acids on uremic pruritus. The literature review was conducted in December 2015 and carried out by searching Scopus, Medline, Cochrane central register of controlled trials, and Cochrane database of systematic reviews. The search terms were "kidney injury", "kidney failure", "chronic kidney disease", "end-stage renal disease", "dialysis", "hemodialysis", "peritoneal dialysis", "pruritus", "itch", "skin problems", "fish oil", "omega 3", "n-3 fatty acids", "polyunsaturated fatty acids", "docosahexaenoic acid", and "eicosapentaenoic acid". Four small studies investigating potential benefits of omega-3 fatty acids on symptoms of uremic pruritus were found. Among them, three small randomized controlled trials have shown a significant improvement in pruritus symptoms (evaluated by a standard questionnaire) in CKD patients who took omega-3 supplement compared to omega-6, omega-9, and placebo supplementation. Despite numerous limitations of the studies, it is worth noting that even minor reduction in itching symptoms may be clinically significant for CKD patients. Therefore, and considering multiple health benefits of omega-3 fatty acids in advanced CKD and negligible risk profile, omega-3 intake can wisely be applied to CKD patients with uremic pruritus

Effect of 830-nm diode laser irradiation on human sperm motility

Abstract Sperm motility is known as an effective parameter in male fertility, and it depends on energy consumption. Low-level laser irradiation could increase energy supply to the cell by producing adenosine triphosphate. The purpose of this study is to evaluate how the low-level laser irradiation affects the human sperm motility. Fresh human semen specimens of asthenospermic patients were divided into four equal portions and irradiated by 830-nm GaAlAs laser irradiation with varying doses as: 0 (control), 4, 6 and 10 J/cm 2 . At the times of 0, 30, 45 and 60 min following irradiation, sperm motilities are assessed by means of computer-aided sperm analysis in all samples. Two additional tests [HOS and sperm chromatin dispersion (SCD) tests] were also performed on the control and high irradiated groups as well. Sperm motility of the control groups significantly decreased after 30, 45 and 60 min of irradiation, while those of irradiated groups remained constant or slightly increased by passing of time. Significant increases have been observed in doses of 4 and 6 J/cm 2 at the times of 60 and 45 min, respectively. SCD test also revealed a non-significant difference. Our results showed that irradiating human sperms with low-level 830-nm diode laser can improve their progressive motility depending on both laser density and post-exposure time

Vivre en famille au cœur de la ville

La réinvention de l'habitat familial par le développement de la ville-satellite, de la cité-jardin ou de la banlieue a suscité - suscite encore - beaucoup d'enthousiasme. Or, les effets pervers de la prolifération de ces formes urbaines, notamment par la disqualification des quartiers anciens et des espaces publics et la dépendance à l'automobile, sont de plus en plus évidents. Aujourd'hui, le défi de mieux arrimer la vie en famille et la ville reste entier. Il passe par la transformation des milieux aménagés dans les dernières décennies, certes, mais surtout par la réhabilitation des quartiers délaissés du cœur de la ville. Ce livre ne fait pas que revisiter les arguments mettant en opposition ville et banlieue, il vise aussi à rendre intelligible une réalité complexe et nuancée : celle de la diversité des quartiers, des familles et des perspectives d'intervention. Il ne s'agit pas ici de favoriser une forme d'habitat au détriment d'une autre, mais d'envisager l'environnement urbain comme un ensemble d'espaces complémentaires et, à leur manière, profitables

Influenza Species and Subtypes Circulation among Hospitalized Patients in Laleh Hospital during Two Influenza Seasonal (2016-2017 and 2017-2018) Using a Multiplex Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction

The introduction of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques has improved the detection of respiratory viruses, particularly with the use of multiplex real-time technique with the capability of simultaneous detection of various pathogens in a single reaction. The aim of this study was to apply the above technology for the diagnosis of influenza infections and at the same time to differentiate between common flu species between hospitalized patients in Laleh hospital (Iran) between two flu seasons (2016- 2017 and 2017-2018). Different respiratory specimens were collected from 540 patients from a period of December 2016 to May 2018 and were sent to the laboratory for molecular diagnosis. RNAs were extracted and subsequently, a multiplex real time PCR identifying flu A, flu B and typing flu A (H1N1) was carried out. The mean age of patients was 47.54±23.96. 216 (40%) and 321 (60%) of subjects were male and female, respectively. 219 out of 540 (40.5%) were positive for influenza infection including flu A (n=97, 44.3%), flu A (H1N1) (n=45, 20.7%) and flu B (n=77, 35%). Flu A was the dominant species on 2016-2017 and flu B was the major species on 2017-2018. Flu A (H1N1) was comparable in both time periods. Flu infections were most frequently diagnosed in age groups 21-40. Flu-positive patients suffered more from body pain and sore throat than flunegative patients with significant statistical difference (P values <0.001). The mean duration of hospitalization was shorter for flu-positive patients (P value = 0.016). Application of multiplex real time PCR could facilitate the influenza diagnosis in a short period of time, benefiting patients from exclusion of bacterial infections and avoiding unnecessary antibiotic therapy. Influenza diagnosis was not achieved in up to 60% of flu-like respiratory infections, suggesting the potential benefit of adopting the same methodology for assessing the involvement of other viral or/and bacterial pathogens in those patients