Angiotensin II is Required to Induce Exaggerated Salt Sensitivity in Dahl Rats Exposed to Maternal Separation

We previously reported that maternal separation, rat model of early life stress, enhances pressor responses to acute and chronic stressors. The aims of this study were to determine whether Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats subjected to maternal separation (MatSep-DS) as compared to normally reared DS (Ctl-DS) rats show exaggerated blood pressure responses to acute behavioral stressors, such as restraint stress or air jet stress (AJS), or, hypertensive stimuli including chronic high-salt diet (4% NaCl) and angiotensin II (AngII) infusion (200 ng/Kg/min) during 1 week. MatSep was performed in male DS rats for 3 h/day from postnatal days 2-14. At 8 weeks of age, rats were implanted with telemetry transmitters and allowed to recover. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was not different between MatSep-DS and Ctl-DS rats at baseline (120 ± 2 mmHg vs. 118 ± 1 mmHg, n = 4-8). Blood pressure responses during AJS and restraint stress were not different between MatSep-DS and Ctl-DS at 3 min. However, blood pressure recovery from AJS was significantly impaired in MatSep-DS rats compared to Ctl-DS rats (P \u3c 0.05). 3-h stress-induced similar responses in MatSep and Ctl-DS rats. Chronic blood pressure responses to AngII infusion in rats fed a high-salt diet displayed enhanced MAP in MatSep-DS when compared with Ctl-DS rats (167 ± 5 mmHg vs. 152 ± 2 mmHg, pinteraction \u3c0.05). However, MAP increased similarly in both groups in response to AngII infusion or high-salt diet separately. Renal parameters such as proteinuria, urine flow rate, and urine electrolytes were not different between groups in response to each treatment. In summary, salt sensitivity induces exaggerated blood pressor responses only in presence of AngII due to early life stress

Sex-Specific Alterations in NOS Regulation of Vascular Function in Aorta and Mesenteric Arteries from Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats Compared to Wistar Kyoto Rats

The present study tested the hypothesis that spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) have impaired nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-mediated regulation of vascular function versus Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Aorta and small mesenteric arteries were studied from male and female SHR (M SHR and F SHR) and WKY (M WKY and F WKY). Phenylephrine (PE)-induced vasoconstriction was greater in aorta of M SHR versus all others (P \u3c 0.05); there were neither sex nor strain differences in PE contraction in mesenteric arteries. The NOS inhibitor l-Nitro-Arginine Methyl Ester (l-NAME) increased PE-induced vasoconstriction in all rats, although the increase was the least in male SHR (P \u3c 0.05), revealing a blunted vasoconstrictor buffering capacity of NOS. l-NAME increased sensitivity to PE-induced constriction only in mesenteric arteries of SHR, although, the maximal percent increase in contraction was comparable among groups. ACh-induced relaxation was also less in aorta from M SHR versus all others (P \u3c 0.05). ACh relaxation was comparable among groups in mesenteric arteries, although SHR exhibited a greater NOS component to ACh-induced relaxation than WKY. To gain mechanistic insight into sex and strain differences in vascular function, NOS activity and NOS3 protein expression were measured. Aortic NOS activity was comparable between groups and M SHR had greater NOS3 expression than M WKY. In contrast, although vascular function was largely maintained in mesenteric arteries of SHR, NOS activity was less in SHR versus WKY. In conclusion, M SHR exhibit a decrease in NOS regulation of vascular function compared to F SHR and WKY, although this is not mediated by decreases in NOS activity and/or expression

Malestar docente: la inclusión de una niña de 5 años con microcefalia al aula de educación preescolar

En el sistema educativo mexicano, la Ley General para la Inclusión de las Personas con Discapacidad LGIPD establece la integración del alumnado con discapacidad al aula de educación regular sin distinción. Este requerimiento ha generado en el personal docente un incremento de exigencias éticas, personales y profesionales que a la postre pueden ser causantes de malestar, es decir, provocar en el profesorado efectos permanentemente negativos que, además de alterar su estado físico y psicológico, deterioren su desempeño profesional. El objetivo de la investigación consistió en caracterizar los factores asociados al malestar docente en una profesora de preescolar en su labor con una niña de 5 años diagnosticada con microcefalia. El estudio fue cualitativo, transversal y descriptivo dada la modalidad de estudio de caso. Se observó a la docente participante dentro del aula regular, se registró la información en un diario de campo seguido de una entrevista semiestructurada. Para la elaboración de los instrumentos de recolección de datos y la posterior interpretación de los resultados se realizaron unidades de análisis elaboradas en el marco de las formulaciones teóricas de Esteve (2003) y Cordié (2007). De los resultados se destaca que las condiciones laborales que enfrenta la profesora para ejercer su trabajo inclusivo le exigen un mayor esfuerzo, tanto físico como psicológico que, aunado a la falta de recursos materiales, de docentes auxiliares y capacitación en materia de inclusión, provocaron situaciones de constante estrés y dificultad para asumir los nuevos roles que requiere la realidad que enfrenta dentro del aula. En este contexto, estos resultados ofrecen para posteriores estudios, la caracterización de aquellos malestares que sobrelleva el docente como respuesta a las disposiciones de LGIPD del Sistema Educativo mexicano y para las cuales no está habilitado profesional ni personalmente. A modo de recomendación, resulta urgente revisar los mecanismos de implementación de la LGIPD principalmente en educación básica, facultar al profesorado de educación regular en temas de inclusión y en el manejo adecuado de sus emociones

Tracking digital impact (TDI) tool.

The Tracking Digital Impact (TDI) tool is designed to help researchers, research groups, projects and institutions assess their current and future digital engagement strategies in an objective and informed way to support the development of new and improved strategies that more effectively enable good engagement with businesses, communities, the public, governing bodies and other researchers to facilitate better engagement and greater impact. The TDI tool was developed as part of a JISC funded project which focused on identifying, synthesising and embedding business, community and public (BCE) engagement best practices. The TDI tool examined the best practices at the dot.rural Digital Economies hub at the University of Aberdeen and translated those (accompanied by new guidance) into the TDI tool. Parts of this document were sourced from 'Brief Notes on Social Media for Research' by Jennifer Holden (University of Aberdeen, October, 2012). This document describes the TDI tool and its use

Acute Pressor Response to Psychosocial Stress Is Dependent on Endothelium‐Derived Endothelin‐1

Background Acute psychosocial stress provokes increases in circulating endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) levels in humans and animal models. However, key questions about the physiological function and cellular source of stress‐induced ET‐1 remain unanswered. We hypothesized that endothelium‐derived ET‐1 contributes to the acute pressor response to stress via activation of the endothelin A receptor. Methods and Results Adult male vascular endothelium‐specific ET‐1 knockout mice and control mice that were homozygous for the floxed allele were exposed to acute psychosocial stress in the form of cage switch stress (CSS), with blood pressure measured by telemetry. An acute pressor response was elicited by CSS in both genotypes; however, this response was significantly blunted in vascular endothelium‐specific ET‐1 knockout mice compared with control mice that were homozygous for the floxed allele. In mice pretreated for 3 days with the endothelin A antagonist, ABT‐627, or the dual endothelin A/B receptor antagonist, A‐182086, the pressor response to CSS was similar between genotypes. CSS significantly increased plasma ET‐1 levels in control mice that were homozygous for the floxed allele. CSS failed to elicit an increase in plasma ET‐1 in vascular endothelium‐specific ET‐1 knockout mice. Telemetry frequency domain analyses suggested similar autonomic responses to stress between genotypes, and isolated resistance arteries demonstrated similar sensitivity to α1‐adrenergic receptor‐mediated vasoconstriction. Conclusions These findings specify that acute stress‐induced activation of endothelium‐derived ET‐1 and subsequent endothelin A receptor activation is a novel mediator of the blood pressure response to acute psychosocial stress

Pengaruh Harga Terhadap Peningkatan Penjualan Produk Semen Tiga Roda Pada PT. Robcaga Beo Kabupaten Kepulauan Talaud

The development in business world these days is market by the competition between the business company is getting fierce. Especially in managing the company business unit. It is shown by the appearance of a company that offer a good quality product with a compete price on the market. To handle the fierce competition on the market then one from so many effort that the company do is by apply the strategic price. Which on the way of applying that strategi the company try to set a price that can be compete in the market so the increase sale of the product become maximum. With right price and controlled will result the domino effect to a company to build long term relationship with costumer so it can increase the sales volume. This research is a descriptive quantitative research by using the correlation approach and simple regression. To see relation between variable and to measure the impact to the variable itself. So the purpose of this research is to know how far the price effect and to the increase of PT. ROBCAGA in Talaud. According to the sesult of the research, can be shown as following: price has a correlation and significant determination effort to the increase sale of PT. ROBCAGA Talaud. According to the data analysis, coefficient value moment r = 0,685. That show there is a positive relation, and can be categorize as high and strong, also price coefficient determination to the increase sale is by 46,5% and 53,5% by the rest of it depends on the unknown factors that not been analyze in this research

Tracking digital impact (TDI) tool: key questions reference.

This is a quick reference summary of the 'Key Questions' developed as part of the large Tracking Digital Impact (TDI) Tool. Users with experience of digital technologies or have previously completed the TDI tool may find this a useful reference when re-assessing or completing new assessments

Early behavioral adherence predicts short and long-term weight loss in the POUNDS LOST study

The primary aim of this study was to test the association of early (first 6 months) adherence related to diet, self-monitoring, and attendance with changes in adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors. This study used data from the 24-month POUNDS LOST trial that tested the efficacy of four dietary macronutrient compositions for short-and long-term weight loss. A computer tracking system was used to record data on eight indicator variables related to adherence. Using canonical correlations at the 6 and 24 month measurement periods, early behavioral adherence was associated with changes in percent weight loss and waist circumference at 6 months (R = 0.52) and 24 months (R = 0.37), but was not associated with cardiovascular disease risk factor levels. Early dietary adherence was associated with changes in insulin at 6 months (R = 0.19), but not at 24 months (R = 0.08, ns). Early dietary adherence was not associated with changes in adiposity

Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Compositions of Fat, Protein, and Carbohydrates

BACKGROUND: The possible advantage for weight loss of a diet that emphasizes protein, fat, or carbohydrates has not been established, and there are few studies that extend beyond 1 year. METHODS: We randomly assigned 811 overweight adults to one of four diets; the targeted percentages of energy derived from fat, protein, and carbohydrates in the four diets were 20, 15, and 65%; 20, 25, and 55%; 40, 15, and 45%; and 40, 25, and 35%. The diets consisted of similar foods and met guidelines for cardiovascular health. The participants were offered group and individual instructional sessions for 2 years. The primary outcome was the change in body weight after 2 years in two-by-two factorial comparisons of low fat versus high fat and average protein versus high protein and in the comparison of highest and lowest carbohydrate content. RESULTS: At 6 months, participants assigned to each diet had lost an average of 6 kg, which represented 7% of their initial weight; they began to regain weight after 12 months. By 2 years, weight loss remained similar in those who were assigned to a diet with 15% protein and those assigned to a diet with 25% protein (3.0 and 3.6 kg, respectively); in those assigned to a diet with 20% fat and those assigned to a diet with 40% fat (3.3 kg for both groups); and in those assigned to a diet with 65% carbohydrates and those assigned to a diet with 35% carbohydrates (2.9 and 3.4 kg, respectively) (P>0.20 for all comparisons). Among the 80% of participants who completed the trial, the average weight loss was 4 kg; 14 to 15% of the participants had a reduction of at least 10% of their initial body weight. Satiety, hunger, satisfaction with the diet, and attendance at group sessions were similar for all diets; attendance was strongly associated with weight loss (0.2 kg per session attended). The diets improved lipid-related risk factors and fasting insulin levels. CONCLUSIONS: Reduced-calorie diets result in clinically meaningful weight loss regardless of which macronutrients they emphasize