On-line cursive handwritten character recognition using Hidden Markov Models

In this paper, we present an on-line handwritten character recognition system which is based on structured and logical modeling of handwriting using Hidden Markov Models. After some specific preprocessing, we extract two differen t classes of primitives which represent the two main aspects of handwriting : th e dynamic aspect for the notion of trajectory of the pen tip and the static aspec t for the notion of global geometry of the letter. We make an initial training to adjust the probabilities of each Hidden Markov Model. Then, the recognition system computes the probabilities of generation by each model of the letter to b e interpreted. This performs a clustering process based on similarity.Cet article présente un système de reconnaissance en ligne de lettres cursives isolées qui s'appuie sur une modélisation structurée et logique des lettres (amorce, corps, ligature,...) par l'intermédiaire de modèles de Markov cachés. Après différents prétraitements spécifiques, on opère une segmentation dynamique des lettres en primitives locales représentatives de la trajectoire de la pointe du stylet (aspect gestuel), associées à des primitives de nature plus globale représentatives de la géométrie du tracé (aspect visuel). Une phase d'apprentissage est ensuite réalisée sur chaque modèle associé à chaque type de lettre. Lors de la reconnaissance, le système va estimer les probabilités de génération de la lettre à reconnaître pour chaque modèle. On effectue ainsi une classification basée sur un critère de ressemblance

Gaussian curves for signature modelization and word segmentation

This paper presents the use of a handwriting generation mode! for signature reconstruction and word segmentation . This mode! is based on two velocity generators : a curvilinear velocity generator and an angular velocity generator . In the curvilinear and the angular domains, the mode! estimates velocity profiles with a series of gaussian curves . In the first part of this paper, the theoretic mode! and the underlying concepts are described. Then the validity of the mode! is tested on various kind of signatures (european, chinese, north-american) . At the end of this paper the mode! is used for cursive word segmentation and the results are discussed.Cet article traite de l'utilisation d'un modèle de génération de traces manuscrits pour la synthèse de signatures et la segmentation de mots manuscrits. Ce modèle est basé sur l'intégration de vitesse provenant de deux générateurs: un générateur de vitesse curviligne et un générateur de vitesse angulaire. Dans les domaines curviligne et angulaire, le modèle approxime les profils de vitesse par une succession de fonctions gaussiennes. Le début de cet article comporte une description du modèle théorique et des concepts sous-jacents qui ont permis d'établir ses base

The relationship between bi/multilingualism, nativeness, proficiency and multimodal emotion recognition ability

Aims and Objectives: The primary aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between visual–vocal–verbal emotion recognition ability (ERA) and multilingualism – that is, both bilingual first language (L1) acquisition and the level of multilingualism operationalised as the number of languages one can speak. Besides these two factors, we also consider nativeness and proficiency as possible predictors of ERA. Methodology: One-thousand-two-hundred-and-twenty participants completed a survey online consisting of a sociobiographical background questionnaire, an English lexical test and an emotion recognition test including six stimuli. For each of the six audiovisual recordings, participants had to indicate which emotion they thought the L1 English speaker was conveying – happiness, sadness, anger, (positive) surprise, fear, disgust or no/neutral emotion. Data and Analysis: An individual ERA score was calculated for each participant. Correlations between ERA and the different variables were computed – including interactions – and significant correlations were fed into a linear regression model. Findings: The number of spoken languages was unrelated to ERA in our sample. The data revealed an interaction between BFLA and nativeness: bi/multilingually raised English second or foreign language (LX) users outperformed monolingually raised LX users, but bi/multilingually raised L1 users of English scored lower than monolingually raised L1 users. Proficiency was significantly related to ERA. Originality: This study points to a bilingual advantage in emotion recognition in English for participants with specific linguistic profiles. Participants who grew up with two languages from birth had an advantage if it did not include English. The advantage seemed to be cancelled out among bi/multilingually raised English L1 users, possibly due to interferences from their other L1(s) or L1 culture(s). Significance: This study contributes to the scarce literature on bilingual advantage in the affective domain and offers a nuanced view on bilingualism and ERA

The effect of systematic pediatric care on neonatal mortality and hospitalizations of infants born with oral clefts

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) increase mortality and morbidity risks for affected infants especially in less developed countries. This study aimed at assessing the effects of systematic pediatric care on neonatal mortality and hospitalizations of infants with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) in South America.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The intervention group included live-born infants with isolated or associated CL/P in 47 hospitals between 2003 and 2005. The control group included live-born infants with CL/P between 2001 and 2002 in the same hospitals. The intervention group received systematic pediatric care between the 7^thand 28^thday of life. The primary outcomes were mortality between the 7^thand 28^thday of life and hospitalization days in this period among survivors adjusted for relevant baseline covariates.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>There were no significant mortality differences between the intervention and control groups. However, surviving infants with associated CL/P in the intervention group had fewer hospitalization days by about six days compared to the associated control group.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Early systematic pediatric care may significantly reduce neonatal hospitalizations of infants with CL/P and additional birth defects in South America. Given the large healthcare and financial burden of CL/P on affected families and the relatively low cost of systematic pediatric care, improving access to such care may be a cost-effective public policy intervention.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p>ClinicalTrials.gov: <a href="http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00097149">NCT00097149</a></p

Oxygen saturation targets for adults with acute hypoxemia in low and lower-middle income countries: a scoping review with analysis of contextual factors

Knowing the target oxygen saturation (SpO2) range that results in the best outcomes for acutely hypoxemic adults is important for clinical care, training, and research in low-income and lower-middle income countries (collectively LMICs). The evidence we have for SpO2 targets emanates from high-income countries (HICs), and therefore may miss important contextual factors for LMIC settings. Furthermore, the evidence from HICs is mixed, amplifying the importance of specific circumstances. For this literature review and analysis, we considered SpO2 targets used in previous trials, international and national society guidelines, and direct trial evidence comparing outcomes using different SpO2 ranges (all from HICs). We also considered contextual factors, including emerging data on pulse oximetry performance in different skin pigmentation ranges, the risk of depleting oxygen resources in LMIC settings, the lack of access to arterial blood gases that necessitates consideration of the subpopulation of hypoxemic patients who are also hypercapnic, and the impact of altitude on median SpO2 values. This process of integrating prior study protocols, society guidelines, available evidence, and contextual factors is potentially useful for the development of other clinical guidelines for LMIC settings. We suggest that a goal SpO2 range of 90-94% is reasonable, using high-performing pulse oximeters. Answering context-specific research questions, such as an optimal SpO2 target range in LMIC contexts, is critical for advancing equity in clinical outcomes globally

Oxygen saturation targets for adults with acute hypoxemia in low and lower-middle income countries: a scoping review with analysis of contextual factors

Knowing the target oxygen saturation (SpO2) range that results in the best outcomes for acutely hypoxemic adults is important for clinical care, training, and research in low-income and lower-middle income countries (collectively LMICs). The evidence we have for SpO2 targets emanates from high-income countries (HICs), and therefore may miss important contextual factors for LMIC settings. Furthermore, the evidence from HICs is mixed, amplifying the importance of specific circumstances. For this literature review and analysis, we considered SpO2 targets used in previous trials, international and national society guidelines, and direct trial evidence comparing outcomes using different SpO2 ranges (all from HICs). We also considered contextual factors, including emerging data on pulse oximetry performance in different skin pigmentation ranges, the risk of depleting oxygen resources in LMIC settings, the lack of access to arterial blood gases that necessitates consideration of the subpopulation of hypoxemic patients who are also hypercapnic, and the impact of altitude on median SpO2 values. This process of integrating prior study protocols, society guidelines, available evidence, and contextual factors is potentially useful for the development of other clinical guidelines for LMIC settings. We suggest that a goal SpO2 range of 90-94% is reasonable, using high-performing pulse oximeters. Answering context-specific research questions, such as an optimal SpO2 target range in LMIC contexts, is critical for advancing equity in clinical outcomes globally