The Italian SMEs in the International context. A model to succeed in the global arena

� This paper explores the internationalization process of the Italian SMEs, and aims to investigate their behaviour in the international contexts to ultimately outline general models able to optimize their peculiarities. The empirical study firstly examines 546 SMEs along their internationalization. The internationalization process is examined through its phases: decisions, marketing strategy, achievements and future perspectives. A second aim is to define sustainable paths for SMEs willing to expand successfully over the Country borders. It also proposes important issues and management implications to be considered in the international development of Italian SMEs.

Le imprese europee appartenenti al settore delle energie rinnovabili: come operare per avere successo in Cina?

L\u2019articolo si propone di analizzare le imprese europee del settore delle energie rinnovabili, con particolare riferimento alla loro presenza internazionale. Le imprese europee sembrano incontrare particolare difficolt\ue0 nell\u2019approccio al mercato cinese, in rapido sviluppo grazie all\u2019impulso dato dall\u2019ultimo piano quinquennale che contiene obiettivi concernenti energia e sostenibilit\ue0 ambientale. Il numero d\u2019imprese europee che hanno investito in Cina \ue8 piuttosto basso a causa della piccola dimensione, della elevata distanza culturale a cui i manager risultano impreparati e delle inadeguate strategie di internazionalizzazione. Attraverso l\u2019analisi di due casi aziendali best practice (Asja Ambiente e Caleffi) che hanno stabilito partnership e WFOE in Cina, il lavoro identifica i principali elementi e strategie che hanno consentito alle due aziende di avere successo in Cina

Orchid–pollinator Interactions and Potential Vulnerability to Biological Invasion

Mutualistic relationships between plants and their pollinators have played a major role in the evolution of biodiversity. While the vulnerability of these relationships to environmental change is a major concern, studies often lack a framework for predicting impacts from emerging threats (e.g. biological invasions). The objective of this study was to determine the reliance of Platanthera ciliaris (orange-fringed orchid) on Papilio palamedes (Palamedes swallowtail butterfly) for pollination and the relative availability of alternative pollinators. Recent declines of P. palamedes larval host plants due to laurel wilt disease (LWD) could endanger P. ciliaris populations that rely heavily on this butterfly for pollination.We monitored pollinator visitation and fruit set and measured nectar spur lengths of P. ciliaris flowers and proboscis lengths of its floral visitors in Jackson County, MS, USA. Papilio palamedes was the primary visitor with minimal visitation by Phoebis sennae (cloudless sulfur butterfly). Lengths of P. ciliaris nectar spurs were similar to proboscis lengths of both pollinator species. Fruit set was moderate with access to pollinators (55+10.8 %), yet failed (0 %) when pollinators were excluded. Visitation increased with inflorescence size, but there was no such pattern in fruit set, indicating that fruit set was not limited by pollinator visitation within the range of visitation rates we observed. Our results are supported by historical data that suggest P. palamedes and P. sennae are important pollinators of P. ciliaris. Although P. sennae may provide supplemental pollination service, this is likely constrained by habitat preferences that do not always overlap with those of P. cilaris. Observed declines of P. palamedes due to LWD could severely limit the reproductive success and persistence of P. ciliaris and similar orchid species populations. This empirical-based prediction is among the first to document exotic forest pests and pathogens as an indirect threat to plant–pollinator interactions

Physiological Profiles as Indicators of Response to Hurricane Disturbance for Three Coastal Wetland Species

© Coastal Education & Research Foundation 2015. Hurricanes alter light and water availability via canopy damage and storm surge delivery and are expected to intensify with climate change. Plant species respond to environmental changes by making physiological adjustments in situ or through distribution changes. Three years after Hurricane Katrina, we compared functional traits and water relations among three species along the coenocline at Weeks Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve, Fairhope, Alabama, U.S.A. Based on posthurricane distribution changes for these species, we hypothesized that (1) Cladium mariscus, whose distribution expanded slightly, is responsive to increased light availability in the disturbed forest at the landward end but is strongly limited by water stress at its seaward edge; (2) Baccharis halimifolia, whose distribution shifted and abundance increased posthurricane, is responsive to increased light availability, cannot tolerate very low light levels or water logged soils, but can tolerate moderate salinity; and (3) Morella cerifera, whose distribution remained unchanged, would show little or no difference in measured functional traits and water relations at its landward vs. seaward edges. Cladium mariscus showed decreased water potential (Ψ) at its seaward edge, but leaf mass per area (LMA) did not vary as forest cover increased landward. Baccharis halimifolia exhibited lowest LMA and highest Ψ in the middle of its distribution, but was least vulnerable to cavitation (Ψ50) with increased forest cover. Morella cerifera exhibited no difference in water stress, wood density, or Ψ50 across its distribution. Our results suggest differences in physiological response to light availability and water stress may affect the postdisturbance distribution of plant species and influence changes in distribution of species exposed to chronic sea level rise

Methotrexate-Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: Protein Functionalization to Improve Brain Biodistribution

Glioblastoma is the most common and invasive primary tumor of the central nervous system and normally has a negative prognosis. Biodistribution in healthy animal models is an important preliminary study aimed at investigating the efficacy of chemotherapy, as it is mainly addressed towards residual cells after surgery in a region with an intact blood⁻brain barrier. Nanoparticles have emerged as versatile vectors that can overcome the blood⁻brain barrier. In this experimental work, solid lipid nanoparticles, prepared using fatty acid coacervation, have been loaded with an active lipophilic ester of cytotoxic drug methotrexate, and functionalized with either transferrin or insulin, two proteins whose receptors are abundantly expressed on the blood⁻brain barrier. Functionalization has been achieved by grafting a maleimide moiety onto the nanoparticle’s surface and exploiting its reactivity towards thiolated proteins. The nanoparticles have been tested in vitro on a blood⁻brain barrier cellular model and in vivo for biodistribution in Wistar rats. Drug metabolites, in particular 7-hydroxymethotrexate, have also been investigated in the animal model. The data obtained indicate that the functionalization of the nanoparticles improved their ability to overcome the blood⁻brain barrier when a PEG spacer between the proteins and the nanoparticle’s surface was used. This is probably because this method provided improved ligand⁻receptor interactions and selectivity for the target tissue

Native vs. Invasive community interactions: Snail herbivory in Louisiana and Mato Grosso (Brazil) wetlands

Pomacea maculata is the largest freshwater snail in the world. This native of Brazil was introduced to the southeastern United States in 1989. A documented voracious consumer, it continues to spread and threaten wetlands in this region, where it happens to overlap with two highly invasive aquatic macrophytes that also hail from Brazil: Salvinia minima and Eichhornia crassipes. This invasive community poses a great threat to native wetland ecosystem structure and function, but also presents a unique opportunity to examine multi- species interactions with shared evolutionary histories. The primary objectives of this study are threefold:1) to determine whether P. maculata diet reflects a preference for native Louisiana macrophytes over the co-evolved invasive plants; 2) to determine whether P. maculata can be a viable biocontrol agent for S. minima and E. crassipes in their invaded range; and 3) to compare P. maculata herbivory in its invaded and native range. Project objectives will be addressed through a series of controlled feeding trials using snails and plants from local populations in Louisiana and Mato Grosso (Brazil)

Movement ecology of the Texas Diamondback Terrapin (malaclemys terrapin littoralis)

Acknowledgements: Dr. Shawn McCracken, Dr. Daniel Coffey, Robert “Bobby” Duke, Erin Hill, Center for Coastal Studies, Department of Life SciencesMovement Ecology, Study of how organisms move within their ecosystems or environment, First step to proper conservation management, Applies to both flora & fauna, Animal movements are based on biotic and abiotic factors, Can identify core use area & home rang