Políticas identitarias y subjetividad histórica: el caso de la Escuela Consolidada Dávila Carson. Contexto político-historiográfico

El presente artículo se propone reconstituir la experiencia educativacomunitaria de la Escuela Consolidada ubicada en la Población Miguel Dávila Carson creada en 1953 en la zona sur poniente de la ciudad de Santiago e intervenida luego del Golpe Militar del 11 de septiembre de 1973. El trabajo  parte desde el cruce de dos debates: el de la profesionalización docente y la historiografía educativa nacional, para situar la subjetividad histórica docente como un lugar para responder al paradigma del sujeto efectivo y la a-historicidad de las reformas educativas, analizando las prácticas, experiencias y saberes de los y las docentes involucrados en la Escuela Consolidada

Physical and functional interaction between the dopamine transporter and the synaptic vesicle protein synaptogyrin-3.

Uptake through the dopamine transporter (DAT) represents the primary mechanism used to terminate dopaminergic transmission in brain. Although it is well known that dopamine (DA) taken up by the transporter is used to replenish synaptic vesicle stores for subsequent release, the molecular details of this mechanism are not completely understood. Here, we identified the synaptic vesicle protein synaptogyrin-3 as a DAT interacting protein using the split ubiquitin system. This interaction was confirmed through coimmunoprecipitation experiments using heterologous cell lines and mouse brain. DAT and synaptogyrin-3 colocalized at presynaptic terminals from mouse striatum. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy, we show that both proteins interact in live neurons. Pull-down assays with GST (glutathione S-transferase) proteins revealed that the cytoplasmic N termini of both DAT and synaptogyrin-3 are sufficient for this interaction. Furthermore, the N terminus of DAT is capable of binding purified synaptic vesicles from brain tissue. Functional assays revealed that synaptogyrin-3 expression correlated with DAT activity in PC12 and MN9D cells, but not in the non-neuronal HEK-293 cells. These changes were not attributed to changes in transporter cell surface levels or to direct effect of the protein-protein interaction. Instead, the synaptogyrin-3 effect on DAT activity was abolished in the presence of the vesicular monoamine transporter-2 (VMAT2) inhibitor reserpine, suggesting a dependence on the vesicular DA storage system. Finally, we provide evidence for a biochemical complex involving DAT, synaptogyrin-3, and VMAT2. Collectively, our data identify a novel interaction between DAT and synaptogyrin-3 and suggest a physical and functional link between DAT and the vesicular DA system

Espacio escolar y actores en la educación primaria popular en el siglo XIX en Chile

La preocupación de las élites por la educación del pueblo a lo largo del siglo XIX, en Chile se presentó cruzada por contradicciones que se manifestaron en la baja cobertura alcanzada y en las precarias condiciones en que se desarrolló esta educación. La necesidad de educación primaria, en términos de desarrollo económico y productivo no era evidente para las élites; el pueblo realizaba el trabajo que se requería con bajos o nulos conocimientos escolares; no se precisaba tampoco una mano de obra disciplinada y habituada a la norma, requerimiento que surgiría a futuro con el desarrollo fabril

Inhaled rIFNγ reduces viral load in RSV-infected neonatal BALB/cJ mice.

<p>On 1, 3, 5, and 7 dpi pups received 16 ng/g of i.n. rIFNγ or diluent only. (A) Daily weight change compared to weight prior to infection was plotted; (B) IFNγ was measured from BALF by Luminex assay. Viral titers were measured from left lung lobes by H&E plaque assay on 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 dpi. RSV titers were analyzed by a 2-way ANOVA and graphically represented with a line graph (C) and by paired t-test, which is graphically represented by a bar graph (D). Mean values ± SD are depicted, and statistical difference was defined as a <i>P</i> value .05 for differences between mock-infected animals at the same time point (*); data are representative of two separate experiments.</p

RSV line 19 induces pulmonary mucin expression in adult and pup BALB/cJ mice.

<p>Adult (8–9 wks old) and pup (2–4 days old) BALB/cJ mice received a HD/HV inoculum of RSV line 19 or cell lysate. The lungs were harvested at 7 dpi and sections were stained with PAS. Airways were scored 0 to 4 for PAS positivity (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0040499#s2" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>). Twenty to 42 airways were scored per mouse. (A) Examples of airway mucin scores. Bright pink PAS-positive cells can be visualized in RSV-infected adult and pup sections. (B) Total numbers of mice and airway scored for each group are shown. The pie charts indicate the mucin scores ranked as a percentage of total airways from the respective groups.</p

Inhaled rIFNγ increases CAM activation in RSV-infected neonatal BALB/cJ mice.

<p>Pup (2–4 days old) BALB/cJ mice received a HD/HV inoculum of RSV line 19 followed by 16 ng/g of i.n. rIFNγ (RSV/rIFNγ+) or diluent only (RSV/rIFNγ−) on 1, 3, 5, and 7 dpi. Control groups were mock-infected with cell lysate followed by 16 ng/g of i.n. rIFNγ (mock/rIFNγ+) or diluent only (mock/rIFNγ −) on 1, 3, 5, and 7 dpi. Cells were isolated from BALF on 4, 7, and 10 dpi and percent CD11b− CD11c+ (nonlymphocyte gate) (A), CD11b+CD11c+ (nonlymphocyte gate) (D), and MHC II, MR, CD86, and CCR7 (gated on CD11b− CD11c+ cells) (B, C, E, F) were determined by flow cytometry. Points represent data for ≥5 mice per group ± SD. (†) indicates <i>P</i><0.05 for comparisons between RSV/rIFNγ+ and RSV/rIFNγ−; (‡) indicates p<0.05 for comparisons between mock/rIFNγ+ and mock/rIFNγ−; (*) indicates p<0.05 for comparisons between RSV/rIFNγ+ and mock/rIFNγ+.</p

IFNγ-primed J774A.1 macrophages reduce the spread of RSV to adjacent cells.

<p>The mouse macrophage cell line, J774A.1, was cultured <i>in vitro</i> and primed with rIFNγ or media (A) or IL-4/IL-13 or media (B) prior to infecting with line 19 RSV for 3 hours. Infected cells were overlaid with Hep-2 cells and culture for 5 hours, covered with methylcellulose, incubated for 5 days and a standard H&E stain; plaques are reported as PFU per well. (C) Relative quantification by real-time PCR was performed on RNA extracted from cells infected with RSV line and presented as the fold expression over cells not infected with RSV; all assays were normalized to GAPDH. (D) Relative quantification by real-time PCR was performed on RNA extracted from cells primed with IFNγ and infected with RSV and presented as the fold expression over cells cultured in media alone (E–F); all assays were normalized to GAPDH. For infection center assays, data represent the mean ± SD of 12 wells per treatment and each control arm (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0040499#s2" target="_blank">Materials and Methods</a>). For RT-PCR, data represent the mean ± SD of 4 wells per treatment and each control arm Statistical difference was defined as a <i>P</i> value .05 for differences between groups (*); data are representative of two separate experiments.</p

rIFNγ does not increase CD4 or CD8 T-cell activity in RSV-infected infant mice.

<p>Pup (2–4 days old) BALB/cJ mice received a HD/HV inoculum of RSV line 19 followed by 16 ng/g of i.n. rIFNγ (RSV/rIFNγ+) or diluent only (RSV/rIFNγ-) on 1, 3, 5, and 7 dpi. Control groups were mock-infected with cell lysate followed by16 ng/g of i.n. rIFNγ (mock/rIFNγ+) or diluent only (mock/rIFNγ −) on 1, 3, 5, and 7 dpi. BALF and lungs were collected at each time point. Cells were isolated from BALF, H & E stained, and 200 cells per slide were counted using a 100× oil emersion objective lens. Data are depicted as Total number of cells that are macrophages (Mac) (A), lymphocytes (Lym) (B), and neutrophils (Neu) (C); eosinophils were negligible. Lungs were enzyme digested, stained with fluorochrome-labled antibodies specific CD4, CD8, CD44, and CD62L, and analyzed by flow cytometry (E–H); all cells were first gated by small forward and side scatter (D). Bars represent data for at least five mice per group from two experiments. Mean values ± SD are depicted, and statistical difference was defined as a <i>P</i> value .05 for differences between groups at the same time point (*).</p

Age-dependent cellular response to RSV line 19.

<p>Adult (8–9 wks old) and pup (2–4 days old) BALB/cJ mice received a HD/HV inoculum of RSV line 19 or cell lysate. (A) At 7 dpi BALF was collected, H & E stained, and 200 cells per slide were counted using a 100× oil emersion objective lens. Data are depicted as percent of total cells that are macrophages (Mac), neutrophils (Neu), eosinophils (Eos), and lymphocytes (Lym). Cells were isolated from adult (B–C) and pup (D–E) BALF (C, G) and digested lung tissue (B, F). Total cells were quantified on 2, 4, 7, and 10 dpi by hemocytometer. Cells in adult (D–E) and pup (H–I) digested lung tissue were stained with anti-CD4 (D, H) and anti-CD8 (E, I) and analyzed by flow cytometry on 2, 4, and 7 dpi. Mean values ± SD are depicted, and statistical difference was defined as a <i>P</i> value.05 for differences between groups at the same time point (*); data are representative of two separate experiments.</p

Recruitment and activation of neonatal antigen presenting cells is delayed following RSV infection.

<p>Adult (8–9 wks old) and pup (2–4 days old) BALB/cJ mice received a HD/HV inoculum of RSV line 19. The animals were lavaged at 0, 2, 4, 7, and 10 dpi. The percent of immune cell subtypes were analyzed by flow cytometry in adult (A–D) pup (E–F) BALF, including CD11b− CD11c+ high (nonlymphocyte gate) (A, E) and CD11b+ CD11c+ (nonlymphocyte gate) (B, F). Dot plots are representative of at least five mice per group for mock adults at 7 dpi (C), RSV adults (D), mock pups (G), and RSV pups (H). Mean values ± SD are depicted, and statistical difference was defined as a <i>P</i> value.05 for differences between groups at the same time point (*); data are representative of three separate experiments.</p