Association Between Body Image and Mental Health in Adolescents: A Social Issue

The construct of esthetic beauty is culturally and socially determined and widely disseminated by the media. The body image dissatisfaction (BID) is considered a public health problem, it is an important risk factor for disorders related to mental health, which is highly prevalent in adolescents and has an impact on social behavior. We aimed to evaluate the possible association between BID and the mental health aspects of depression and risk of eating disorders and identify the prevalence in adolescent boys and girls. The sample consisted of 308 adolescent students: 167 girls (54.2%) and 141 boys (45.8%). BID was identified by the silhouette scale. The Childhood Depression Scale (CDS) and Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) were used to assess MH. The chi-squared contingency test showed an association between body image and mental health variables in both sexes. Results: 70.1% of the girls and 76.6% of the boys exhibited BID. The girls demonstrated a significant association between body image and depressive symptoms (X(1) = 8.523; p = 0.004) and the risk of ED (X(1) = 14.281; p = 0.000). However, the boys exhibited no interactions between body image and mental health-related factors. Although BID was high in adolescents of both sexes, it may be a marker for depression and eating disorders in girls.A construção da beleza estética é cultural e socialmente determinada e amplamente divulgada pela mídia. A insatisfação com a imagem corporal (BID), considerada um problema de saúde pública, é um importante fator de risco para transtornos relacionados à saúde mental que apresenta alta prevalência em adolescentes e impacta sobre o comportamento social. Objetivamos avaliar a possível associação entre BID e os aspectos de saúde mental da depressão e risco de transtornos alimentares e identificar a prevalência em meninos e meninas adolescentes. Método: A amostra foi composta por 308 adolescentes escolares: 167 meninas (54,2%) e 141 meninos (45,8%). O BID foi identificado pela escala de silhueta. A Escala de Depressão na Infância (CDS) e o Teste de Atitudes Alimentares (EAT-26) foram utilizados para avaliar a HM. O teste de contingência qui-quadrado mostrou associação entre a imagem corporal e as variáveis de saúde mental em ambos os sexos. Resultados: 70,1% das meninas e 76,6% dos meninos apresentaram BID. As meninas demonstraram associação significativa entre imagem corporal e sintomas depressivos (X(1) = 8,523; p = 0,004) e risco de TA (X(1) = 14,281; p = 0,000). No entanto, os meninos não exibiram interações entre a imagem corporal e os fatores relacionados à saúde mental. Conclusão: Embora o BID tenha sido elevado em adolescentes de ambos os sexos, pode ser um marcador de depressão e transtornos alimentares em meninas

Caracterização farmacologica do sistema de calicreina tissular em corpo cavernoso de coelho : efeito do veneno de Phoneutria nigriventer

Orientador: Edson AntunesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências MédicasResumo: O veneno de Phoneutría nígríventer causa formação de edema local em pele de coelho por um mecanismo que envolve a ativação do sistema de calicreína tissular. O veneno de Phoneutría nígríventer produz ainda ereções prolongadas em cães, coelhos, ratos e no homem. Visto que a calicreína tissular está envolvida no sistema reprodutor masculino, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos do veneno de Phoneutría nígríventer sobre corpo cavernoso isolado de coelhos. Coelhos "New Zealand", machos, adultos (2-3 Kg) foram, anestesiados e exsanguinados Os pênis dos coelhos foram então retirados e os corpos cavernosos isolados e perfundidos em cascata (Vane, 1964). O veneno de Phoneutría nígríventer e demais agonistas foram administrados na forma de bolus; os antagonistas ou inibidores foram administrados continuamente por infusão. Veneno de Phoneutría nígríventer (3-1 00 µg), acetilcolina (0.1-100 nmol), bradicinina (1-3 nmol) e calicreína de pâncreas de porco (3-30 µg) induziram relaxamentos dose-dependentes da musculatura lisa cavernosa. O inibidor da síntese de EDRF N µ-nitro L- arginina metil ester (10 µM), mas não seu enantiômero D-NAME (10 µM), aboliu completamente os relaxamentos induzidos pela acetilcolina, bradicinina e Veneno de Phoneutría nígríventer sem afetar o relaxamento induzido pelo gliceriltrinitrato. O efeito inibitório do L-NAME foi parcialmente revertido pela infusão de L-Arginina (300 µM), mas não de D-Arginina (300 µM). O inibidor de protease aprotinina (10 µg/ml), conhecido por inibir a síntese de bradicinina, aboliu os relaxamentos da musculatura lisa cavernosa induzidos pelo veneno de Phoneutría nígríventer e calicreína tissular. O inibidor de cininase, II captopril (1-1 µM), potenciou os relaxamentos induzidos pelo Veneno de Phoneutría nígríventer, bradicinina e calicreína tissular. O inibidor de calicreína tissular Pro-Phe-Aph-Ser-Val-Gln-NH2 (KIZD-06, 1.3 µM) inibiu significativamente o relaxamento da musculatura lisa cavernosa induzido pelo veneno de Phoneutria nigriventer sem afetar aqueles induzidos por GTN e ACh. O inibidor de calicreína plasmática obtido do feijão de soja (soybean trypsin inhibitor; 10 µg/ml) não afetou os relaxamentos da musculatura lisa cavernosa inuzidos pelo veneno de Phoneutria nigriventer, bradicinina, acetilcolina ou calicreína. O antagonista de receptores B2 de bradicinina, HOE-140 (50nM) aboliu completamente os relaxamentos induzidos pelo veneno de Phoneutria nigriventer e bradicinina. Nossos resultados demonstram que o veneno de Phoneutria nigriventer ativa o sistema de calicreína tecidual levando à formação local de cininas e consequente liberação de EDRF (óxido nítrico) na musculatura lisa cavernosa de coelhosAbstract: The roles of the tissue kallikrein-kinin system and nitric oxide (NO) release in Phoneutria nigriventer venom-induced relaxations of rabbit corpus cavernosum (RbCC) smooth muscle have been investigated using a bioassay cascade. Phoneutria nigriventer venom (10-30 µg), porcine pancreatic kallikrein (100 mU), rabbit urinary kallikrein (10 mU), bradykinin (BK, 0.3-3 nmol), acetylcholine (ACh, 0.3-30 nmol) and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN, 0.5-10 nmol) caused relaxations of the RbCC strips. Captopril (1 µ.M) substantially potentiated Phoneutria nigriventer venom- and BK-induced RbCC relaxations without affecting those elicited by GTN. The bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist Hoe 140 (D-Arg-[Hyp3,Thi5,Dtic7,Oic8]-BK, 50 nM), aprotinin (10 µg ml-1) and the tissue kallikrein inhibitor Pro-Phe-Aph-5er-Val-Gln-NH2 (KIZD-06, 1.3 µM) significantly inhibited Phoneutria nigriventer venom-induced RbCC relaxations, without affecting those provoked by GTN and ACh. The B1 receptor antagonist [Leu9]des Arg10BK (0.5 µM) and soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI, 10 µg ml-1) had no effect on Phoneutria nigriventer venom-induced RbCC relaxations. The relaxations induced by Phoneutria nigriventer venom, porcine pancreas kallikrein, BK and ACh were significantly inhibited by N µ-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 µM) but not by D-NAME (10 µM). L-NAME did not affect GTN-induced relaxations. L-arginine (300 µM), but not D-arginine (300 µM), significantly reversed the inhibitory effect of L-NAME. Our results indicate that Phoneutria nigriventer venom activates the tissue kallikrein-kininogen-kinin system in RbCC strips leading to NO release and suggest a functional role for this system in penile erectionMestradoMestre em Farmacologi

Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in patients with lower extremity tendinopathy or plantar fasciitis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

Objectives We investigated the effectiveness of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in lower extremity tendinopathy and plantar fasciitis on patient-reported pain and disability. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources Eligible articles in any language were identified through PubMed, Embase and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) on the 20 August 2020, references, citations and experts. Eligibility criteria for selection of studies Only randomised controlled trials involving participants with lower extremity tendinopathy or plantar fasciitis treated with LLLT were included. Data extraction and synthesis Random effects meta-analyses with dose subgroups based on the World Association for Laser Therapy treatment recommendations were conducted. Risk of bias was assessed with the PEDro scale. Results LLLT was compared with placebo (10 trials), other interventions (5 trials) and as an add-on intervention (3 trials). The study quality was moderate to high. Overall, pain was significantly reduced by LLLT at completed therapy (13.15 mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS; 95% CI 7.82 to 18.48)) and 4–12 weeks later (12.56 mm VAS (95% CI 5.69 to 19.42)). Overall, disability was significantly reduced by LLLT at completed therapy (Standardised Mean Difference (SMD)=0.39 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.7) and 4–9 weeks later (SMD=0.32 (95% CI 0.05 to 0.59)). Compared with placebo control, the recommended doses significantly reduced pain at completed therapy (14.98 mm VAS (95% CI 3.74 to 26.22)) and 4–8 weeks later (14.00 mm VAS (95% CI 2.81 to 25.19)). The recommended doses significantly reduced pain as an add-on to exercise therapy versus exercise therapy alone at completed therapy (18.15 mm VAS (95% CI 10.55 to 25.76)) and 4–9 weeks later (15.90 mm VAS (95% CI 2.3 to 29.51)). No adverse events were reported. Conclusion LLLT significantly reduces pain and disability in lower extremity tendinopathy and plantar fasciitis in the short and medium term. Long-term data were not available. Some uncertainty about the effect size remains due to wide CIs and lack of large trials.publishedVersio

Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in human progressive-intensity running: effects on exercise performance, skeletal muscle status, and oxidative stress

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on exercise performance, oxidative stress, and muscle status in humans. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial was performed with 22 untrained male volunteers. LLLT (810 nm, 200 mW, 30 J in each site, 30 s of irradiation in each site) using a multi-diode cluster (with five spots - 6 J from each spot) at 12 sites of each lower limb (six in quadriceps, four in hamstrings, and two in gastrocnemius) was performed 5 min before a standardized progressive-intensity running protocol on a motor-drive treadmill until exhaustion. We analyzed exercise performance (VO(2 max), time to exhaustion, aerobic threshold and anaerobic threshold), levels of oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and the markers of muscle damage creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Compared to placebo, active LLLT significantly increased exercise performance (VO(2 max) p = 0.01; time to exhaustion, p = 0.04) without changing the aerobic and anaerobic thresholds. LLLT also decreased post-exercise lipid (p = 0.0001) and protein (p = 0.0230) damages, as well as the activities of SOD (p = 0.0034), CK (p = 0.0001) and LDH (p = 0.0001) enzymes. LLLT application was not able to modulate CAT activity. The use of LLLT before progressive-intensity running exercise increases exercise performance, decreases exercise-induced oxidative stress and muscle damage, suggesting that the modulation of the redox system by LLLT could be related to the delay in skeletal muscle fatigue observed after the use of LLLT.Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES-Brazil)Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES), BrazilCaxias do Sul UniversityCaxias do Sul Universit

Infrared (810 nm) Low-Level Laser Therapy in Experimental Model of Strain-Induced Skeletal Muscle Injury in Rats: Effects on Functional Outcomes

Muscle strains are among the most prevalent causes for athletes absence from sport activities. Low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has recently emerged as a potential contender to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in muscle strain treatment. In this work we investigated effects of LLLT and diclofenac on functional outcomes in the acute stage after muscle strain injury in rats. Muscle strain was induced by overloading the tibialis anterior muscle of rats during anesthesia. The injured groups received either no treatment, or a single treatment with diclofenac 30 min prior to injury, or LLLT (810 nm, 100 mW) with doses of 1, 3, 6 or 9 J, at 1 h after injury. Functional outcome measures included a walking index and assessment of electrically induced muscle performance. All treatments (except 9 J LLLT) significantly improved the walking index 12 h postinjury compared with the untreated group. The 3 J group also showed a significantly better walking index than the drug group. All treatments significantly improved muscle performance at 6 and 12 h. LLLT dose of 3 J was as effective as the pharmacological agent in improving functional outcomes in the early phase after a muscle strain injury in rats

Low-level laser therapy in collagenase-induced Achilles tendinitis in rats: Analyses of biochemical and biomechanical aspects

NSAIDs are widely prescribed and used over the years to treat tendon injuries despite its well-known long-term side effects. In the last years several animal and human trials have shown that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) presents modulatory effects on inflammatory markers, however the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term effects of LLLT or sodium diclofenac treatments on biochemical markers and biomechanical properties of inflamed Achilles tendons. Wistar rats Achilles tendons (n?=?6/group) were injected with saline (control) or collagenase at peritendinous area of Achilles tendons. After 1?h animals were treated with two different doses of LLLT (810?nm, 1 and 3?J) at the sites of the injections, or with intramuscular sodium diclofenac. Regarding biochemical analyses, LLLT significantly decreased (p?<?0.05) COX-2, TNF-a, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13 gene expression, as well as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production when compared to collagenase group. Interestingly, diclofenac treatment only decreased PGE2 levels. Biomechanical properties were preserved in the laser-treated groups when compared to collagenase and diclofenac groups. We conclude that LLLT was able to reduce tendon inflammation and to preserve tendon resistance and elasticity. (c) 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:19451951, 2012FAPESP [2009/02117-5]FAPES