Antioxidant potential and relation with chemical composition of wild edible mushrooms cap and stipe

A comparative study of the organic acids and phenolics composition and of the total alkaloids content of entire wild edible mushrooms (Russula cyanoxantha, Amanita rubescens, Suillus granulatus and [Boletus edulis) and correspondent cap and stipe was performed. All species presented oxalic, citric, malic and fumaric acids. Phenolic compounds were present in all of the analyzed species, beingp-hydroxybenzoic acid identified in A. rubescens and S. granulatus species. It seems that this compound may have a propensity to accumulate in the cap of A. rubescens. B. edulis was the species that presented the highest total alkaloids amounts. All species revealed DPPH radical scavenging activity, being B. edulis the most effective one

Comparative study of phytochemicals and antioxidant potential of wild edible mushroom caps and stipes

A comparative study of the organic acids and phenolics composition and of the total alkaloids content of entire wild edible mushrooms (Russula cyanoxantha, Amanita rubescens, Suillus granulatus and Boletus edulis) and correspondent caps and stipes was performed. All species presented oxalic, citric, malic and fumaric acids, with A. rubescens exhibiting the highest total organic acids content. Organic acids were preferably fixed in the cap. Among phenolics, only p-hydroxybenzoic acid was found in A. rubescens and S. granulatus, in very low amounts. B. edulis was the species that presented the highest total alkaloid amounts. Except for this species, alkaloids mainly accumulated in the cap. All of the species exhibited a concentration-dependent scavenging ability against DPPH . B. edulis revealed the highest antioxidant capacity. The cap seemed to be the part with highest antioxidant potential. Some relationships between chemical composition and antioxidant capacity were consideredFundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia for a grant (SFRH/BD/22108/2005

Quantitation of nine organic acids in wild mushrooms

The organic acids composition of six wild edible mushroom species ( Amanita caesarea, Boletus edulis, Gyroporus castaneus, Lactarius deliciosus, Suillus collinitus, and Xerocomus chrysenteron) was determined by an HPLC-UV detector method. The results showed that all of the samples presented a profile composed of at least five organic acids: citric, ketoglutaric, malic, succinic, and fumaric acids. Several samples also contained oxalic, ascorbic, quinic, and shikimic acids. In a general way, the quantitation of the identified compounds indicated that malic acid, followed by the pair citric plus ketoglutaric acids, were the main compounds in the analyzed species, with the exception of A. caesarea, in which malic and ascorbic acids were the most abundant compounds. The relative amounts and the presence/absence of each identified compound may be useful for the differentiation of the species

The use of a task through virtual reality in cerebral palsy using two different interaction devices (concrete and abstract) - a cross-sectional randomized study.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral Palsy (CP) is characterised by variable difficulties in muscular action, resulting in inability of the individual to perform functional movement. An option to provide functionality to the individual with CP is the use of computer innovation. The aim of this paper was to verify if there was any performance improvement in a task performed in a virtual environment and if there was transfer to the task performed in the real environment and vice versa in this population. METHODS: A computer program was developed comprising a motor task, but with two possibilities of user interaction: a) concrete interface (with physical contact): in which the individual touches the computer screen to finish the task and b) abstract interface (no physical contact): in which the individual performs a hand movement in front of the Kinect device. Participants were split into two groups. The experimental group consisted of 28 individuals with CP within the ages of 6 and 15 years old. The control group included 28 typically developing individuals mirroring the age and sex of the experimental group. RESULTS: Individuals from both groups were able to improve task performance and retain acquired information. The CP group presented worse performance than the control group in all phases of the study. Further findings showed that the CP group presented better performance in the abstract interface than in the concrete interface, whereas, in the control group, the opposite occurred: their best performance was in the concrete. CONCLUSIONS: Motor tasks performed by individuals with CP through an interface with a more virtual environment feature (abstract interface: Kinect) provided better performance when compared to an interface with a more real characteristic (concrete interface: Touchscreen). TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier - NCT03352440; Date of registration - November 17, 2017

Wild edible mushrooms structural portions: chemical composition and antioxidant potential

The organic acids and phenolics composition of entire wild edible mushrooms (Russula cyanoxantha, Amanita rubescens, Suillus granulatus and Boletus edulis) and correspondent cap and stipe was determined by HPLC-UV and HPLC-DAD, respectively. Their antioxidant potential was assessed by their % DPPH scavenging activity. The results showed that all of the species presented profile composed at least five organic acids: oxalic, citric, malic, quinic and fumaric acids. Ascorbic, succinic and shikimic acids also appeared in some of them. A. rubescens present the highest organic acids content, followed by B. edulis, R. cyanoxantha and S. granulatus. The results indicated that quinic acid, followed by malic or citric acids were the major compounds. In a general way, it seems that organic acids are preferably fixed in the cap, except in A. rubescens, in which they are mainly present in the stipe. All species exhibited phenolic compounds, but only p-hydroxybenzoic acid was identified. This compound just appeared in cap or stipe of A. rubescens and S. granulatus. All of the species revealed DPPH scavenging capacity, in a concentration-dependent way. B. edulis presented the highest capacity. In general, the cap is the part that shows the highest antioxidant activity, except for A. rubescens, in which entire mushroom displayed the strongest effect. No correlation was found between organic acids and phenolics contents and the antioxidant capacity. So, other compounds are, most probably, contributing to antioxidant effects observedThe organic acids and phenolics composition of entire wild edible mushrooms (Russula cyanoxantha, Amanita rubescens, Suillus granulatus and Boletus edulis) and correspondent cap and stipe was determined by HPLC-UV and HPLC-DAD, respectively. Their antioxidant potential was assessed by their % DPPH scavenging activity. The results 'showed that all of the species presented a profile composed at least five organic acids: oxalic, citric, malic, quinic and fumaric acids. Ascorbic, succinic and shikimic acids also appeared in some of them. A. rubescens presented the highest organic acids content, followed by B. edulis, R. cyanoxantha and S. granulatus. The results indicated that,quinic acid, followed by malic or citric acids were the major compounds. In a general way, it seems that organic acids are preferably fixed in the cap, except in A. rubescens, in which they ·are mainly present in the stipe. Ail species exhibited phenolic compounds, but only p-hydroxybenzoic acid was Identified. This compound just appeared in cap or stipe of A. rubescens and S. granulatus. Ail of the species revealed DPPH scavenging activity, in a concentration-dependent way. B. edulis presented the highest capacity. In general, the cap is the part that shows the highest antioxidant activity, except for A. rubescens, in which entire mushroom displayed the strongest effect. No correlation was found between organic acids and phenolics contents and the antioxidant capacity. So, other compounds are, most probably, contributing to antioxidant effects observed

Logarithmic Corrections to N=2 Black Hole Entropy: An Infrared Window into the Microstates

Logarithmic corrections to the extremal black hole entropy can be computed purely in terms of the low energy data -- the spectrum of massless fields and their interaction. The demand of reproducing these corrections provides a strong constraint on any microscopic theory of quantum gravity that attempts to explain the black hole entropy. Using quantum entropy function formalism we compute logarithmic corrections to the entropy of half BPS black holes in N=2 supersymmetric string theories. Our results allow us to test various proposals for the measure in the OSV formula, and we find agreement with the measure proposed by Denef and Moore if we assume their result to be valid at weak topological string coupling. Our analysis also gives the logarithmic corrections to the entropy of extremal Reissner-Nordstrom black holes in ordinary Einstein-Maxwell theory.Comment: LaTeX file, 66 page

Bottlenose dolphin ecotypes of the western South Atlantic: the puzzle of habitats, coloration patterns and dorsal fin shapes

Phenotypic variations occur in several cetacean species, including common bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus, which can also be distinguished as coastal and offshore ecotypes. In the western South Atlantic, these ecotypes have been described based on skeletal morphology and genetics. However, there is still no clear description to recognize them in the field. Here we searched for external diagnostic patterns that may facilitate their visual distinction and investigated their habitat use. We examined dorsal fin shapes and coloration of photo-identified dolphins distributed in a wide geographic range off the coast of southern and southeastern Brazil. A strong differentiation in the dorsal fin shape was observed, with a more falcate shape for offshore dolphins. We also found that offshore individuals have a darker color pattern, while coastal dolphins show 2 wider striped bands at the throat region and a longer rostrum, revealing that the ecotypes can be well distinguished in the field. We also detected differential habitat use. The coastal ecotype inhabits shallow waters (up to 18 m deep) close to the shore (up to 3 km). The offshore ecotype has a wider distribution and more flexible habitat use. It was usually found in coastal and deeper waters (maximum depth of 758 m and >200 km from the coast). Although we observed a small area of overlap in the distribution of the 2 ecotypes, both forms were not seen together. Therefore, our results reinforce the presence of a parapatric distribution and distinct morphology between the ecotypes, supporting their prior description as different subspecies

A Coulomb gas approach to the anisotropic one-dimensional Kondo lattice model at arbitrary filling

We establish a mapping of a general spin-fermion system in one dimension into a classical generalized Coulomb gas. This mapping allows a renormalization group treatment of the anisotropic Kondo chain both at and away from half-filling. We find that the phase diagram contains regions of paramagnetism, partial and full ferromagnetic order. We also use the method to analyze the phases of the Ising-Kondo chain.Comment: 19 pages, 9 figure