Implementation via vote delegation

For some years now, the number of political parties asking for the direct participation of citizens in the decision making process is increasing. These parties defend that citizens should be able to decide on each and every one of the issues that comes up for discussion, being thus what the majority of people desires for such specific issue carried out. However, organizing a referendum on each single issue may involve serious problems. An alternative option is to allow voters to delegate the decision making process to a politician who, once in power, will decide on each single issue. We wonder under which conditions the two aforementioned procedures to make decisions may be equivalent in terms of the developed policies for each of the considered issues.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech. JSPS KAKENHI Grants (15H05728) International Economic Review JSPS Open Research Area for the Social Sciences Progra

The Recuperating Ability of Cauliflower Coral (Pocillopora Damicornis) and Staghorn Coral (Acropora sp.) to Temperature Stress

Rising temperatures of the world’s waters place our coral reefs under stress, which can lead to coral bleaching, where corals expel their zooxanthellae. With the alarming rates of the depletion of coral reefs over the last 30 years, it is crucial to comprehend the corals’ ability to recover from stressful situations. In this experiment, we will investigate the recuperating ability of the corals Pocillopora Damicornis and Acropora sp. by exposing them to elevated temperatures that causes these corals to “stress”, and then measure their rate of recovery through the comparison of color pigmentations with healthy corals. Terminal branch samples will be collected, with some being placed in a separate tank with aspects equivalent to the original location to establish a control group. The others will be placed in a tank filled with various tools (heaters, water pumps, and artificial light) that can be altered to meet requirements needed to create a “stressful situation”, where atypical conditions take place to disrupt the critical symbiotic relationship between the coral and its zooxanthellae (responsible for the color pigmentation). Thermometers and cameras will be set around the tank to record the progression. We will gradually increase the temperature from ~30°C, to 32°C, and 34°C within two day intervals. After looking for and noting signs of stress, we will gradually decrease the water temperature to ambient and will observe the more resilient species based on returning color pigmentation. Understanding the resilience levels corals possess plays a vital role in the preservation of the reef’s crowning glory

Integración de redes de conocimiento : una responsabilidad de la biblioteca universitaria

The era of the information like a proposal is analyzed that comes from the hand of the globalización process of the economy. From the structure of the classic model of university, one approaches the concept and the characterization of the project of globalización of the knowledge and its implications for the different blocks from nations that participate in planetary dynamics. The networks of computers, the academic or scientific alert networks, networks, and their independent development are described. The integration of these networks, and the generation and maintenance of knowledge networks, provide the conditions so that the academic community fulfills its mission educational and of generation of knowledge for benefit of the society to which it belongs. A new responsibility arises for the university library: to lead processes of integration and cooperation that allow the free flow of the information to take advantage of, in the Colombian and Latin American context, the enormous possibilities of scientific and social development that offers the call revolution of the knowledge

Estimation of mean form and mean form difference under elliptical laws

The matrix variate elliptical generalization of [30] is presented in this work. The published Gaussian case is revised and modified. Then, new aspects of identifiability and consistent estimation of mean form and mean form difference are considered under elliptical laws. For example, instead of using the Euclidean distance matrix for the consistent estimates, exact formulae are derived for the moments of the matrix B = Xc(Xc)T; where Xcis the centered landmark matrix. Finally, a complete application in Biology is provided; it includes estimation, model selection and hypothesis testing. © 2017, Institute of Mathematical Statistics. All rights reserved

El leasing habitacional : una mirada 10 años después de su incorporación

Esta investigación hace un análisis de la evolución del leasing habitacional desde que fue incorporado al ordenamiento jurídico colombiano, hasta la actualidad, pasando por los objetivos de su inclusión, por su tratamiento legal, la órbita constitucional, la importancia e inclusión de la protección al consumidor financiero en la regulación de la figura y los aspectos procesales que se derivan de las relaciones jurídicas surgidas en la práctica de esta operación.87 p.Contenido parcial: El leasing habitacional: una alternativa de financiación -- De los inicios a la actualidad: análisis sobre la evolución del leasing habitacional desde su incorporación hasta el momento actual