Cooperative live stock shipping associations in Missouri

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The Partnership for Rural Improvement: An Approach to Inter-Institutional Outreach

Rural educators point to the need for increased inter-institutional collaboration - partly in response to scarce resources but also in response to the complex problems faced in many rural areas. This article examines some of the experience gleaned from ten years\u27 work in interinstitutional collaboration directed by the Partnership for Rural Improvement

CD8+ T Cells Restrict Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Infection: Bypass of Anti-Phagocytosis by Targeting Antigen-Presenting Cells

All Yersinia species target and bind to phagocytic cells, but uptake and destruction of bacteria are prevented by injection of anti-phagocytic Yop proteins into the host cell. Here we provide evidence that CD8+ T cells, which canonically eliminate intracellular pathogens, are important for restricting Yersinia, even though bacteria are primarily found in an extracellular locale during the course of disease. In a model of infection with attenuated Y. pseudotuberculosis, mice deficient for CD8+ T cells were more susceptible to infection than immunocompetent mice. Although exposure to attenuated Y. pseudotuberculosis generated TH1-type antibody responses and conferred protection against challenge with fully virulent bacteria, depletion of CD8+ T cells during challenge severely compromised protective immunity. Strikingly, mice lacking the T cell effector molecule perforin also succumbed to Y. pseudotuberculosis infection. Given that the function of perforin is to kill antigen-presenting cells, we reasoned that cell death marks bacteria-associated host cells for internalization by neighboring phagocytes, thus allowing ingestion and clearance of the attached bacteria. Supportive of this model, cytolytic T cell killing of Y. pseudotuberculosis–associated host cells results in engulfment by neighboring phagocytes of both bacteria and target cells, bypassing anti-phagocytosis. Our findings are consistent with a novel function for cell-mediated immune responses protecting against extracellular pathogens like Yersinia: perforin and CD8+ T cells are critical for hosts to overcome the anti-phagocytic action of Yops.Molecular and Cellular Biolog

Lawson criterion for ignition exceeded in an inertial fusion experiment

For more than half a century, researchers around the world have been engaged in attempts to achieve fusion ignition as a proof of principle of various fusion concepts. Following the Lawson criterion, an ignited plasma is one where the fusion heating power is high enough to overcome all the physical processes that cool the fusion plasma, creating a positive thermodynamic feedback loop with rapidly increasing temperature. In inertially confined fusion, ignition is a state where the fusion plasma can begin "burn propagation" into surrounding cold fuel, enabling the possibility of high energy gain. While "scientific breakeven" (i.e., unity target gain) has not yet been achieved (here target gain is 0.72, 1.37 MJ of fusion for 1.92 MJ of laser energy), this Letter reports the first controlled fusion experiment, using laser indirect drive, on the National Ignition Facility to produce capsule gain (here 5.8) and reach ignition by nine different formulations of the Lawson criterion

Effect of Weight-Period Selection on Measurement of Agricultural Production Inputs

Choice of weights is basic to construction of index numbers that are designed to measure change over time. The analysis in this article develops criteria for selection of weights and examines the results of using different periods as a basis for measuring change in the volume of selected inputs in farm production from 1910 to 1955. Laspeyres' weighted aggregative formula was considered the most appropriate formula for use in this analysis. Average cost rates were used as weighting units. The various indexes of combined inputs that are described here were developed for testing purposes. It is believed that the index of total farm inputs that will result when the aggregate production inputs of agriculture are measured and analyzed will differ substantially from any of the index-number series of selected agricultural inputs shown here. This paper is a report on the first phase of the project. It does not pretend to be an exhaustive study of the many problems that arise in the construction of an index of agricultural inputs. For instance, the problems associated with selection of weighting units and an index formula are not discussed. However, it is a reasonably thorough analysis of the problem of how to aggregate the different inputs in a meaningful way to show change over time when the composition, relative prices, and quantities of inputs change. The advice and leadership of Glen T. Barton in the preparation of this article is acknowledged by the author