Religiones comparadas. Estudio comparado del Budismo Mahayana, el Budismo Vajrayana y el Yungdrung Bön

El objetivo del proyecto ha sido analizar similitudes y diferencias entre diferentes escuelas budistas atendiendo a la ética (Sila), realzando un paralelismo con conceptos desarrollados en el marco cultural occidental. Se tomaron como eje tres escuelas importantes: el Budismo Mahayana, en China,Corea y Japón; el Budismo Vajrayana o tántrico, en el Tíbet, Nepal, Bután, Mongolia y Japón; y elYungdrunBön, escuela tibetana originaria y anterior a la llegada del Budismo desde la India. Se abordaron determinados textos fuente, tanto en sus versiones originales como los comentarios realizados por exégetas de esas tradiciones y académicos occidentales, haciendo foco en el estudio de un exponente tibetano, Sakya Pandita. El trabajo partió de un esquema de taxonomías éticas de diferentes ramas. Tomamos inicialmente el utilitarismo, luego el posmodernismo, el hedonismo, la ética de la virtud y su correlato en la visión contemporánea centrada en el concepto de areteica, el estoicismo, la ética normativa, la deontología y el pragmatismo. A partir de ellas se realizó un análisis de los datos, atendiendo a los ejes de la taxonomía utilizada, a fin de compararlos con las escuelas budistas mencionadas. En el Budismo, el tema del comportamiento ético ha sido uno de los principales focos desde su fundación, y con su desarrollo y el surgimiento de diversas escuelas se mantuvo siempre presentela formulación de los tres campos de entrenamiento: Prajña (sabiduría, conocimiento de las enseñanzas budistas); Samadhi (meditación) y Sila (conducta ética); que conducen a alcanzar la iluminación del practicante. De modo que los conceptos de ética y disciplina moral son parte esencial en las enseñanzas tanto Budistas como de la tradición Bön. La investigación ha mostrado la complejidad que implica realizar un mapeo taxonómico entre filósofos y escuelas que no comparten el mismo marco teórico con diferencias culturales y de lenguaje; resultó una tarea no menor el asignar una categoría a Sakya Pandita, al Vajrayāna o alYungdrungBön. No obstante, establecer corrientes similares nos permitió estudiar y buscar patrones característicos de los diversos autores de forma yuxtapuesta. Aunque los estudios existentes tienden a tratar a cada autor budista como independiente de cualquier análisis relacional con autores occidentales, consideramos que este enfoque ha sido enriquecedor.The aim of this project has been the analysis of similarities and differences between different buddhist schools according to ethics (Sila), and emphasizing parallels with other concepts developed in the analysis: the Mahayana Buddhism, prevaling in China, Corea and Japan; the Vajrayana or tantric Buddhism, in Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan and Japan; and the YungdrunBön, original and before the arrival of Buddhism from India Tibetan School. Some source texts were explored, as in their original versions as in the comments about the exegesis of those traditions and comments by western academics, focusing on the study by a Tibetan exponent, SakyaPandita. This research began with a scheme of ethical taxonomies from different branches, initially utilitarism, then postmodernism and hedonism, ethics of virtue and its correlate in the contemporary vision centered in the concept of areteica, stoicism, normative ethics, deontology and pragmatism. Afterwards, an analysis of the data was made considering the axes ofthe taxonomy employed and comparing them with the above mentioned Buddhist schools.The ethical behavior has been one of the main subjects considered by Buddhism since its foundation, and with its development and the emergence of diverse schools it has always remained present in the formulation of the three fields of training: Prajña (wisdom, knowledge of the Buddhistteachings), Samadhi (meditation) and Sila (ethical behavior), which lead the practitioner to attain illumination. So, the concepts of ethics and moral discipline are essential parts of the teachings, both in Buddhism as in the Bön tradition.This research has demonstrated the complexity involved in making a taxonomic mapping between philosophers and schools that do not share the same theoretical framework and have cultural and linguistic differences, no smaller task being trying to assign a category to SakyaPandita,to Vajrayana or to YungdrungBön. In spite of the fact that establish similar currents allowed us to study and search for characteristic patterns of juxtaposition of the diverse authors, the existing studies tend to deal with each Buddhist author as independent of any rational analysis of western authors, so we consider finally that this perspective has been enriching

The Exploration and Practice of Party Member of College Students rdquo;Recognizing Position and Taking Responsibility for a Model”

AbstractNowadays, it has become more important to strengthen the education, management and training work of the party members of college students. Our school has carried out the party members of college students. rdquo;recognizing position and taking responsibility for a model” activity for two years. And obtained some experience. The party members of college students rdquo;recognizing position and taking responsibility for a model” activity should set up scientific positions, define their responsibilities clearly and strengthen the management and assessment

Exposure-response relationship of ramucirumab in patients with advanced second-line colorectal cancer: exploratory analysis of the RAISE trial

To characterize ramucirumab exposure-response relationships for efficacy and safety in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) using data from the RAISE study. Sparse pharmacokinetic samples were collected;a population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models analyzed the relationship between predicted ramucirumab minimum trough concentration at steady state (C (min,ss)) and survival. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to evaluate survival from patients in the ramucirumab plus folinic acid, 5-fluorouracil, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) treatment arm stratified by C (min,ss) quartiles (Q). An ordered categorical model analyzed the relationship between C (min,ss) and safety outcomes. Pharmacokinetic samples from 906 patients were included in exposure-efficacy analyses;samples from 905 patients were included in exposure-safety analyses. A significant association was identified between C (min,ss) and overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) (p 3 neutropenia was associated with an increase in ramucirumab exposure. Exploratory exposure-response analyses suggested a positive relationship between efficacy and ramucirumab exposure with manageable toxicities in patients from the RAISE study with mCRC over the ranges of exposures achieved by a dose of 8 mg/kg every 2 weeks in combination with FOLFIRI

Molecular profile and its clinical impact of IDH1 mutated versus IDH1 wild type intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

IDH1-mutated cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are an interesting group of neoplasia with particular behavior and therapeutic implications. The aim of the present work is to highlight the differences characterizing IDH1m and IDH1wt CCAs in terms of genomic landscape. 284 patients with iCCA treated for resectable, locally advanced or metastatic disease were selected and studied with the FOUNDATION Cdx technology. A comparative genomic analysis and survival analyses for the most relevant altered genes were performed between IDH1m and IDH1wt patients. Overall, 125 patients were IDH1m and 122 IDH1wt. IDH1m patients showed higher mutation rates compared to IDH1wt in CDKN2B and lower mutation rates in several genes including TP53, FGFR2, BRCA2, ATM, MAP3K1, NOTCH2, ZNF703, CCND1, NBN, NF1, MAP3KI3, and RAD21. At the survival analysis, IDH1m and IDH1wt patients showed no statistically differences in terms of survival outcomes, but a trend in favor of IDH1wt patients was observed. Differences in prognostic values of the most common altered genes were reported. In surgical setting, in IDH1m group the presence of CDKN2A and CDKN2B mutations negatively impact DFS, whereas the presence of CDKN2A, CDKN2B, and PBRM1 mutations negatively impact OS. In advanced setting, in the IDH1m group, the presence of KRAS/NRAS and TP53 mutations negatively impact PFS, whereas the presence of TP53 and PIK3CA mutations negatively impact OS; in the IDH1wt group, only the presence of MTAP mutation negatively impact PFS, whereas the presence of TP53 mutation negatively impact OS. We highlighted several molecular differences with distinct prognostic implications between IDH1m and IDH1wt patients

Sequential therapies after atezolizumab plus bevacizumab or lenvatinib first-line treatments in hepatocellular carcinoma patients

Introduction: The aim of this retrospective proof-of-concept study was to compare different second-line treatments for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and progressive disease (PD) after first-line lenvatinib or atezolizumab plus bevacizumab.Materials and methods: A total of 1381 patients had PD at first-line therapy. 917 patients received lenvatinib as first-line treatment, and 464 patients atezolizumab plus bevacizumab as first-line.Results: 49.6% of PD patients received a second-line therapy without any statistical difference in overall survival (OS) between lenvatinib (20.6 months) and atezolizumab plus bev-acizumab first-line (15.7 months; p = 0.12; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.80). After lenvatinib first-line, there wasn't any statistical difference between second-line therapy subgroups (p = 0.27; sorafenib HR: 1; immunotherapy HR: 0.69; other therapies HR: 0.85). Patients who under-went trans-arterial chemo-embolization (TACE) had a significative longer OS than patients who received sorafenib (24.7 versus 15.8 months, p < 0.01; HR = 0.64). After atezolizumab plus bevacizumab first-line, there was a statistical difference between second-line therapy subgroups (p < 0.01; sorafenib HR: 1; lenvatinib HR: 0.50; cabozantinib HR: 1.29; other therapies HR: 0.54). Patients who received lenvatinib (17.0 months) and those who under-went TACE (15.9 months) had a significative longer OS than patients treated with sorafenib (14.2 months; respectively, p = 0.01; HR = 0.45, and p < 0.05; HR = 0.46).Conclusion: Approximately half of patients receiving first-line lenvatinib or atezolizumab plus bevacizumab access second-line treatment. Our data suggest that in patients progressed to atezolizumab plus bevacizumab, the systemic therapy able to achieve the longest survival is lenvatinib, while in patients progressed to lenvatinib, the systemic therapy able to achieve the longest survival is immunotherapy

Experimental Investigation on the Influence of Material and Surface Structure on the Wettability of Tubes

Dynamic contact angles of water and water-lithium bromide solution are measured on metallic surfaces (copper, steel, stainless steel and aluminum) in a wide range of roughnes

Effect of Surfactants on the Flow Patterns of Horizontal Tube Bundles with a Falling Film

Gefördert im Rahmen des Projekts DEA