Foreword to ‘Quantitative and analytical relations in biochemistry’—a special issue in honour of Donald J. Winzor’s 80th birthday

The purpose of this special issue is to honour Professor Donald J. Winzor’s long career as a researcher and scientific mentor, and to celebrate the milestone of his 80th birthday. Throughout his career, Don has been renowned for his development of clever approximations to difficult quantitative relations governing a range of biophysical measurements. The theme of this special issue, ‘Quantitative and analytical relations in biochemistry’, was chosen to reflect this aspect of Don’s scientific approach

Versatility and Stereotypy of Free-Tailed Bat Songs

In mammals, complex songs are uncommon and few studies have examined song composition or the order of elements in songs, particularly with respect to regional and individual variation. In this study we examine how syllables and phrases are ordered and combined, ie “syntax”, of the song of Tadarida brasiliensis, the Brazilian free-tailed bat. Specifically, we test whether phrase and song composition differ among individuals and between two regions, we determine variability across renditions within individuals, and test whether phrases are randomly ordered and combined. We report three major findings. First, song phrases were highly stereotyped across two regions, so much so that some songs from the two colonies were almost indistinguishable. All males produced songs with the same four types of syllables and the same three types of phrases. Second, we found that although song construction was similar across regions, the number of syllables within phrases, and the number and order of phrases in songs varied greatly within and among individuals. Last, we determined that phrase order, although diverse, deviated from random models. We found broad scale phrase-order rules and certain higher order combinations that were highly preferred. We conclude that free-tailed bat songs are composed of highly stereotyped phrases hierarchically organized by a common set of syntactical rules. However, within global species-specific patterns, songs male free-tailed bats dynamically vary syllable number, phrase order, and phrase repetitions across song renditions

Disability, Home Physical Environment and Non-Fatal Injuries among Young Children in China

We compared the patterns of medically attended injuries between children with and without disabilities and explored the residential environment risks in five counties of Hubei Province in the People's Republic of China by a 1:1 matched case-control study based on the biopsychosocial model of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health--ICF.1201 children aged 1-14 with disabilities and 1201 their healthy counterparts matched as having the same gender, same age, and lived in the same neighborhood were recruited in our study. Characteristics of injuries in the past 12 months were compared between children with and without disabilities. The associations among disability status, home environment factors and injuries were examined in logistic regression analysis taking into account sociodemographic factors.Children with disabilities had a significantly higher prevalence of injury than children without disabilities (10.2% vs. 4.4%; P<.001). The two groups differed significantly in terms of number of injury episodes, injury place and activity at time of injury. Falls were the leading mechanism of injury regardless of disability status. Most of the injury events happened inside the home and leisure activities were the most reported activity when injured for both groups. The univariate OR for injury was 4.46 (2.57-7.74) for the disabled children compared with the non-disabled children. Disabled children whose family raised cat/dog(s) were 76% more likely to be injured during the last 12 months (OR = 1.76; 95% CI = 1.02, 3.02), comparing with those whose family did not have any cat/dog. And for children without disabilities, those whose family had cat/dog(s) were over 3 times more likely to having injuries comparing with those whose family did not have any cat/dog.Children with disabilities had a significantly increased risk for injury. Interventions to prevent residential injury are an important public health priority in children with disabilities

Deep fracture fluids isolated in the crust since the Precambrian era

Fluids trapped as inclusions within minerals can be billions of years old and preserve a record of the fluid chemistry and environment at the time of mineralization1, 2, 3. Aqueous fluids that have had a similar residence time at mineral interfaces and in fractures (fracture fluids) have not been previously identified. Expulsion of fracture fluids from basement systems with low connectivity occurs through deformation and fracturing of the brittle crust4. The fractal nature of this process must, at some scale, preserve pockets of interconnected fluid from the earliest crustal history. In one such system, 2.8 kilometres below the surface in a South African gold mine, extant chemoautotrophic microbes have been identified in fluids isolated from the photosphere on timescales of tens of millions of years5. Deep fracture fluids with similar chemistry have been found in a mine in the Timmins, Ontario, area of the Canadian Precambrian Shield. Here we show that excesses of 124Xe, 126Xe and 128Xe in the Timmins mine fluids can be linked to xenon isotope changes in the ancient atmosphere2 and used to calculate a minimum mean residence time for this fluid of about 1.5 billion years. Further evidence of an ancient fluid system is found in 129Xe excesses that, owing to the absence of any identifiable mantle input, are probably sourced in sediments and extracted by fluid migration processes operating during or shortly after mineralization at around 2.64 billion years ago. We also provide closed-system radiogenic noble-gas (4He, 21Ne, 40Ar, 136Xe) residence times. Together, the different noble gases show that ancient pockets of water can survive the crustal fracturing process and remain in the crust for billions of years

A classificação internacional de funcionalidade, incapacidade e saúde da organização mundial da saúde: conceitos, usos e perspectivas The international classification of functioning, disability and health: concepts, uses and perspectives

O objetivo do presente artigo é apresentar a Classificação Internacional de Funcionalidade, Incapacidade e Saúde (CIF), que faz parte da "família" de classificações desenvolvida pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS). São apresentados o histórico e o processo de revisão da classificação anterior - Classificação Internacional de Deficiências, Incapacidades e Desvantagens (CIDID)- que deram origem à atual classificação - CIF. O modelo da CIF substitui o enfoque negativo da deficiência e da incapacidade por uma perspectiva positiva, considerando as atividades que um indivíduo que apresenta alterações de função e/ou da estrutura do corpo pode desempenhar, assim como sua participação social. A funcionalidade e a incapacidade dos indivíduos são determinadas pelo contexto ambiental onde as pessoas vivem. A CIF representa uma mudança de paradigma para se pensar e trabalhar a deficiência e a incapacidade, constituindo um instrumento importante para avaliação das condições de vida e para a promoção de políticas de inclusão social. A classificação vem sendo incorporada e utilizada em diversos setores da saúde e equipes multidisciplinares. No entanto, será mais adequada à medida que for utilizada por um número maior de profissionais, em locais diversos e a partir de pessoas e realidades diferentes.<br>The aim of this article is to present the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), which comprises the "family" of classifications of the World Health Organization (WHO). This study presents the background and the process of reviewing the previous classification, the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps (ICIDH), on which the current classification was based. The framework of ICF replaces the negative perspective of impairment and disability with a positive standpoint, considering the activities that a person with alterations in body functions and/or structures can perform, and also their social participation. The functioning and impairment are determined by the environmental context where people live. The ICF represents a change on the paradigm for thinking and working impairment and disability, establishing an important instrument to evaluate the living conditions and to improve social inclusion policies. The classification has been incorporated and is being used by different professionals in several healthcare sectors. Nevertheless, it will become more adequate as it is used by a greater number of professionals working in different contexts and with a wider range of patients