Buoyant Capital Spending and Worries over Real Appreciation: Cold Facts from Algeria

The Government of Algeria has pursed a relatively expansionary fiscal policy in recent years, thanks to rising oil prices and revenues. The paper explores the potential effects of such a stance on real exchange rate and uncovers a relatively small appreciating effect of increased government capital expenditure. This is explained by the fact that a significant share of capital spending falls into tradable imported goods. However, the envisaged increase in capital spending, if well designed and implemented, might in the long-run translate into rising operations and maintenance expenditure—mostly nontradable goods—thereby causing a higher real appreciation. This implies that Algeria should carefully consider the implications of its public investment program on recurrent expenditure.Government capital expenditure;real exchange rate;oil

Looking at schools through a professional learning community lens : a comparison of leadership and management practices at two secondary schools

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-87).This study compares the association between leadership and management practices and teacher practices in two secondary schools. The schools are similar with regard to socioeconomic background but different with regard to learner achievement in grade twelve science examination results. I identify the extent to which leadership and management practices nurture the development of a Professional Learning Community (PLC). The data comprised transcripts of semi structured interviews, notes from observation of interactions between staff and documents pertaining to meetings. I chose a double case study approach in order to analyse and compare the practices in the two schools

ANALYSIS OF SPEECH ACTS IN DONALD TRUMP'S ACCEPTANCE SPEECH

This article aims at carrying out a pragmatic analysis of a selected extract from Donald Trump’s acceptance speech delivered at the Republican National Convention on July 21st, 2016. The study mainly focuses on the identification and the analysis of linguistic features of speech acts (Austin 1962 and Searl 1969) used in the political language of the acceptance speech to uncover the way Donald Trump has encoded his own intentions and his party’s expectations therein. The identification of illocutionary acts indicates the presence of representative acts, directive acts, expressive acts, commissive acts, and declarative acts. The interpretation of the findings reveals the dominance of representative illocutionary acts which shows that Trump has mainly expressed his personal beliefs, on the one hand, and displayed his truth engagement to lead his party to the White House, on the other. Directive illocutionary acts are used to suggest some solutions, while commissive acts are used to point out challenges of security and peace to be taken up once elected. As for expressive acts, they reflect Trump’s psychological state, while addressing the audience at the convention. The article concludes that the study of speech acts has made it easy to comprehend the message in President Donald Trump’s speech

ASSESSMENT OF TEACHER MOTIVATION APPROACHES IN THE LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

Motivation is an internal process that makes a person move toward a goal. Therefore, this paper examines both traditional and new approaches to teacher motivation, threats to teacher motivation and measures for shaping teacher motivation. The paper concludes that intrinsic rewards such as self-respect, responsibility, and a sense of accomplishment as well as participatory school improvement, comprehensive staff development and supportive teacher evaluation hold great promise for improving teachers’ professional motivation.   Keywords: Teacher Motivation, Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivatio

Etude de l’impact de la variation de la température sur les activités microbiennes : application à une population de Listeria monocytogenes CIP 7831, Listeria monocytogenes Scott A CIP 103575 et Escherichia coli ATCC 25922

La sécurité sanitaire est un objectif incontournable pour les professionnels de l'agroalimentaire. Pour ce faire, ils doivent, pour chaque procédé de fabrication, pratiquer une démarche d'analyse des dangers et mettre en oeuvre des mesures de prévention pertinentes. Cette approche, appliquée dans son intégralité, nécessite un travail long et fastidieux et demande des personnels hautement qualifiés. Il est désormais nécessaire de dépasser les approches descriptives et de renforcer les approches quantitatives et/ou de modélisation qui répondent donc à la fois aux évolutions internes à la science, au développement des technologies et à des demandes fortes de la société. C’est dans ce contexte que nous avons réalisé une étude de l’influence de la variation de la température sur les activités microbiennes. Elle concerne la réponse à une hausse de la température sur trois souches : Listeria monocytogenes CIP 7831, Listeria monocytogenes Scott A CIP 103575 et Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Elle consiste en la modélisation de la mortalité induite par une hausse de température. Les résultats ont permis de mettre en évidence la nécessité d’un contrôle strict de la température de stress choisie et de proposer une procédure graphique de choix d’une hausse modérée de la température à appliquer à Listeria monocytogenes CIP 7831, pour obtenir un nombre fixé de bactéries survivantes. © 2013 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés: Microbiologie alimentaire, Sécurité alimentaire, Infections bactériennes, Modélisation mathématique, Biométrie

Sanajärjestys venäjän, suomen ja viron kielessä Akuninin romaanin Azazel ja sen käänösten pohjalla

http://www.ester.ee/record=b4438619~S1*es

Reinforcing the teaching of translation in Beninese Secondary Schools: A new challenge for EFL teachers

This paper dealt with, after the scrutiny of advanced learners’ translation skills, the necessity of reinforcing the teaching of translation skills as a potentially effective method of teaching/learning English as a Foreign Language (EFL)in Benin high schools. In fact, the Beninese EFL learners study English for almost about seven years (four years in the first cycle and three years in the second) before joining university. For the last three years, they are exposed to translation skills during evaluation. Unfortunately, the designed curriculum has nowhere mentioned the teaching/learning/evaluation of translation. This paper then examined, through a well-established methodology based on field research investigation and questionnaires, some translation excerpts by EFL learners and hypotheses that no translation techniques are taught by teachers before evaluation. It finally concludes that the poor grades the learners culled are due to the lack of practice with their teachers who, in turn, have received no professional training in the matter. Key Words: translation, evaluation, techniques of translation, communicative performance, source language, target language

Transformation and Privatization in the Baltics

The Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania have been undertaking rapid economic and structural reforms that greatly affect the food and agricultural sectors. Among the republics of the former Soviet Union, they are progressing most rapidly in the privatization of land and production assets and in the transition to a market economy. The papers in this report describe these reforms and the progress to date in restructuring agriculture and liberalizing prices and related government regulations. This paper summarizes and compares the previous reform structure of agriculture, the reform processes and the results of reforms in the three Baltic states as of spring 1992. It should be emphasized that there are many differences in initial conditions and in reform programs in the three countries, even though their goals are very similar

Vulnérabilité des cossettes issues de quelques cultivars d’igname à l’attaque de Dinoderus porcellus Lesne (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) en conditions de laboratoire

Dinoderus porcellus Lesne a été récemment identifié comme un véritable ravageur des stocks de cossettes d’igname en Afrique de l’Ouest. En conséquence, plusieurs méthodes de lutte ont été testées ou envisagées contre ce ravageur et comprennent, entre autres, l’utilisation des cultivars d’ignames résistants à l’insecte. Dans la présente étude, le comportement de quatre lots de cossettes issues des quatre cultivars d’igname suivants : Otoukpanan, Singor, Kprakpra et Portchahabim face à D. porcellus a été observé et comparé. Cette série d’études a porté sur : (1) la préférence de D. porcellus pour l’un ou l’autre des quatre cultivars; (2) la vitesse de développement et le taux d’émergence de D. porcellus sur ces différents cultivars d’igname, et (3) leur susceptibilité à travers les dégâts et l’effectif de la progéniture de D. porcellus enregistrés sur chacun d’eux. Nos résultats ont montré : que D. porcellus a une préférence marquée pour les cossettes de Otoukpanan suivi de Singor, Portchahabim et enfin Kprakpra ; qu’il s’est développé plus rapidement sur Otoukpanan suivi de Singor, Portchahabim et Kprakpra ; et qu’il a causé le plus de dégâts sur Otoukpanan sur lequel sa progéniture a été également la plus abondante. Portchahabim et Singor ont été les cultivars les moins attaqués du lot ; de plus, aucune progéniture n’a été enregistrée sur Portchahabim. Ainsi donc, les cultivars Singor et Portchahabim ont été les moins vulnérables aux attaques de D. porcellus et devraient être privilégiés dans la préparation des cossettes.Mots clés: Dioscorea sp., insectes des denrées stockées, préférence, résistance variétale, Bénin