Economic Analysis of Transaction Cost on Kolaramma Tank Watershed in Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka

The transaction cost incurred on the Kolaramma tank watershed in the Kolar district of Karnataka, with a geographical area of 6,570 hectares and covering 26 catchments has been found to be Rs 78,89,210. The decomposition of this transaction cost into information, contractual and enforcement costs has revealed that enforcement cost amounted to a vast share of 82.0 per cent, followed by contractual cost (13.6%) and information cost (4.4%) in the total transaction cost. Considering the overall transaction cost, the investment on information and contractual cost has been quite less. These need to be increased by economizing on the administrative expenses of the implementing agency. Any additional investment on information and contractual cost would greatly benefit the actual beneficiaries in the watershed.Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

A Naïve Visual Cryptographic Algorithm for the Transfer of Compressed Medical Images

The transmission of a suitably compressed image over a bandwidth, over long distances, gives rise towards a new era in the field of information technology. A gradual increase in this appending scenic application, involving the transfer of the images securely over the Ethernet has become an increasingly important aspect to be addressed during thou phenomenon, especially in the transfer of the digital medical images vividly, encapsulated with abundant information related to these images. The compressed medical images of the DICOM format contain certain amount of confidential data, pertaining to a clinical research or to an individual, and the confidentiality of the same has to be preserved from various security threats and eves-dropping. With a widespread applications among various multimedia applicative systems, telemedicine, medical imaging, military and certain safety-critical applications, inter-net and intra-net communicative applications, etc, a reliable transfer of suitable information, efficiently & securely is considered as one of the revolutionary aims in today’s communication technology and visual cryptographic methodologies. Real-time applications as such detailed above majorly is concerned with the security measures and many algorithms have been developed as a proof for various visual cryptographic methodologies. In this paper we propose an efficient and a reliable visual cryptographic methodology which focuses on the encryption and decryption of the two-dimensional DICOM standard compressed medical image, effectively.  This paper discusses an efficient design of 192 bit encoder using AES Rijndael Algorithm with the decomposition of an image into square image size blocks and the image blocks are shuffled using 2D CAT map. The shuffling of the image blocks/pixels employs a Logistic map of these image pixels coupled with 2D mapping of the pixels of the DICOM standard medical image, generated randomly, being the control parameter thereby creating a confusion between the cipher and the plain image, gradually increasing the resistive factor against the significant attacks. This paper proposes various analytical metrics such as correlation analysis, entropy analysis, homogeneity analysis, energy analysis, contrast and mean of absolute deviation analysis, to evaluate the proposed algorithm, and their suitability in image encryption applications

Why users need Internet in college libraries? A Study of college libraries in India

The purpose of the study is to investigate the why users need Internet in college Libraries. For the concern of this the investigator has made a study on the use of the Internet by the students and faculty members of the colleges’ libraries in Karnataka, India. The main objective is to find out the use of the Internet, analyse the use of the Internet in relation to other information sources and how they perceive the advantages of Internet and problems for accessing them. Study results show that the academic community who participated in this survey are aware of the Internet. Even though a Majority of the respondents are using the internet for general information, e-mail, finding relevant information, writing research articles and for searching, jobs and Majority of the respondents visited 618 (68.67%) stated that their college has an independent website and whereas 282 (31.33%) of respondents are not visited college website. Highest numbers of users are visiting their college website

Comparative cost and returns of tractor owned and hired farms in Tungabhadra project (TBP) area of Karnataka, India

Mechanization saves time in completing different operations, which gives the crop more time to mature, allows the farmer to be more flexible in his farming operations and facilitates multi cropping. At present in India, trac-tors are being used for tillage on about 22.78 per cent of the total land area and sowing about 21.30 per cent of total area. Custom hiring service (CHS) is a popular method of gaining short-term control of farm machineries. The CHS gained importance mainly due to rise in the cropping intensity and drop in average landholdings. The productivity of major crops is higher on the tractor owning farms due to timely and sufficient availability of tractor services and 61.67 per cent of large farmers and 11.67 per cent of medium farmers own tractors. The net farm income is higher on tractor owning farms but input costs are low on custom hiring farms. It may be due to the high fixed costs and variable costs on tractor owning farms. The tractor charge was relatively same for all tractor drawn implements, it was ranging from `135.15/h to `142.11/h. The cost incurred was highest for rotavator (`574.93/h) followed by cage wheel puddler (`491.58/h) and MB plough (`462.58/h).The small and medium tractor hiring farms earned more net income. This shows that it is better for smaller farms to hire tractor services rather to have their own tractor CHS would constitute a reliable tool for implementing specific farming practices and obtaining a reasonable income

Experimental investigations on wave transmission at submerged breakwater with smooth and stepped slopes

Submerged breakwaters are gaining more popularity as a potential coastal protection structure resulting in moderate wave transmission with significant wave energy dissipation. Submerged breakwaters are mainly adopted to prevent erosion and to dissipate the incident wave energy. In addition, the premature wave breaking facilitates the wave surfing activities by proper designing of submerged breakwater. In the present study, the experiments are conducted on submerged breakwaters in a two dimensional wave flume to investigate the influence of stepped and smooth front slope of the submerged breakwater, its height and width in reducing wave energy. A total number of eighteen sets of experiments has been conducted for three different breakwater heights (31cm, 28cm and 26cm) and three different breakwater widths (10cm, 20cm and 30cm) with stepped and smooth front slope of breakwater. The submerged breakwater models are subjected to regular waves of four different wave heights and five different wave periods in a constant water depth of 31cm, to determine wave transmissions characteristics. The influence of relative breakwater width, relative depth of submergence of the breakwater and roughness of breakwater front slope on wave transmission are analyzed and discussed in this paper.DAA