71 research outputs found
Necessary truths, evidence, and knowledge.
According to the knowledge view of evidence notoriously defended by Timothy Williamson (2000), for any subject, her evidence consists of all and only her propositional knowledge (E=K). Many have found (E=K) implausible. However, few have offered arguments against Williamson’s positive case for (E=K). In this paper, I propose an argument against Williamson’s positive case in favour of (E=K). Central to my argument is the possibility of the knowledge of necessary truths. I also draw some more general conclusions concerning theorizing about evidence
How to argue with a pragmatist
According to recently popular pragmatist views, it may be rational for one to believe p when one’s evidence doesn’t favour p over not-p. This may happen according to pragmatists in situations where one can gain something practically important out of believing p. In this paper, I argue that given some independently plausible assumptions about the argumentative nature of philosophy and the irrelevance of bribes for good arguments, pragmatism leads to a contradiction
On Williamson's Account of Propositional Evidence
In this paper I examine Williamson’s (2000) claim that all evidence is propositional. I propose to reject this claim. I give two objections to two premises of Williamson’s argument. The first is a critique of Williamson’s claim that we choose between hypotheses on the basis of our evidence. The second objection is that Williamson’s claim that evidence is an explanandum of an hypothesis leads to counter-intuitive consequences and thus is not central to what evidence is, at least on an ordinary understanding
High speed milling technological regimes, process condition and technological equipment condition influence on surface quality parameters of difficult to cut materials
[ES] La calidad superficial en las piezas mecanizadas depende del acabado superficial, resultado de las marcas dejadas por la herramienta durante el proceso de corte. Las aproximaciones teóricas tradicionales indican que estas marcas están relacionadas con los parámetros de corte (velocidad de corte, avance, profundidad de corte...), el tipo de máquina, el material de la pieza, la geometrÃa de la herramienta, etc. Pero no todos los tipos de mecanizado y selección de materiales pueden dar un resultado ambiguo. Hoy en dÃa, de manera progresiva, se están utilizando las técnicas de fresado de Alta Velocidad sobre materiales de difÃcil mecanizado cada vez más. El fresado de Alta Velocidad implica a un considerable número de parámetros del proceso que pueden afectar a la formación topográfica 3D de la superficie. La hipótesis de que los parámetros de rugosidad superficial dependen de las huellas dejadas por la herramienta, determinadas por las condiciones de trabajo y las propiedades del entorno, condujo al desarrollo de una metodologÃa de investigación personalizada. Este trabajo de investigación muestra como la combinación de los parámetros, inclinación del eje de la herramienta, deflexión geométrica de la herramienta y comportamiento vibracional del entorno, influencian sobre el parámetro de rugosidad superficial 3D, Sz. El modelo general fue dividido en varias partes, donde se ha descrito la influencia de parámetros del proceso adicionales, siendo incluidos en el modelo general propuesto. El proceso incremental seguido permite al autor desarrollar un modelo matemático general, paso a paso, testeando y añadiendo los componentes que más afectan a la formación de la topografÃa de la superficie. En la primera parte de la investigación se seleccionó un proceso de fresado con herramientas de punta plana. Primero, se analiza la geometrÃa de la herramienta, combinada con múltiples avances, para distinguir los principales parámetros que afectan a la rugosidad superficial. Se introduce un modelo de predicción con un componente básico para la altura de la rugosidad, obtenida por la geometrÃa de la herramienta de corte. A continuación, se llevan a cabo experimentos más especÃficamente diseñados, variando parámetros tecnológicos. Esto empieza con el análisis de la inclinación del eje de la herramienta contra la mesa de fresado. Los especÃmenes de análisis son muestras con cuatro recorridos de corte rectos con corte en sentido contrario. Las trayectorias lineales con diferentes direcciones dan la oportunidad de analizar la inclinación del husillo de fresado en la máquina. Un análisis visual reveló diferencias entre direcciones de corte opuestas, asà como marcas dejadas por el filo posterior de la herramienta. Considerando las desviaciones de las marcas de corte observadas en las imágenes de rugosidad superficial obtenidas a partir de las medidas, se introdujo un análisis sobre el comportamiento dinámico del equipo y de la herramienta de corte. Las vibraciones producen desviaciones en la mesa de fresado y en la herramienta de corte. Estas desviaciones fueron detectadas e incluidas en el modelo matemático para completar la precisión en la predicción del modelo. Finalmente, el modelo de predicción del parámetro de rugosidad Sz fue comprobado con un mayor número de parámetros del proceso. Los valores de Sz medidos y predichos, fueron comparados y analizados estadÃsticamente. Los resultados revelaron una mayor desviación de la rugosidad predicha en las muestras fabricadas con diferentes máquinas y con diferentes avances. Importantes conclusiones sobre la precisión del equipo de fabricación han sido extraÃdas y de ellas se desprende que la huella de la herramienta de corte está directamente relacionada con los parámetros de la topografÃa de la superficie. Además, la influencia de la huella está afectada por la geometrÃa de la herramienta de corte, la rigidez de la herramienta y la precisión del equipo. La geometrÃa de la herramienta conforma la base del parámetro Sz, desviación de la altura de la superficie. Las conclusiones alcanzadas son la base para recomendaciones prácticas, aplicables en la industria.[CA] La qualitat superficial en les peces mecanitzades depèn de l'acabat superficial, resultat de les marques deixades per l'eina durant el procés de tall. Les aproximacions teòriques tradicionals indiquen que aquestes marques estan relacionades amb els parà metres de tall (velocitat de tall, avanç, profunditat de tall...), el tipus de mà quina, el material de la peça, la geometria de l'eina, etc. Però no tots els tipus de mecanitzat i selecció de materials poden donar un resultat ambigu. Avui en dia, de manera progressiva, s'estan utilitzant les tècniques de fresat d'Alta Velocitat sobre materials de difÃcil mecanització cada vegada més. El fresat d'Alta Velocitat implica un considerable nombre de parà metres del procés que poden afectar la formació topogrà fica 3D de la superfÃcie. La hipòtesi que els parà metres de rugositat superficial depenen de les empremtes deixades per l'eina, determinades per les condicions de treball i les propietats de l'entorn, va conduir al desenvolupament d'una metodologia d'investigació personalitzada. Aquest treball de recerca mostra com la combinació dels parà metres, inclinació de l'eix de l'eina, deflexió geomètrica de l'eina i comportament vibracional de l'entorn, influencien sobre el parà metre de rugositat superficial 3D, Sz. El model general va ser dividit en diverses parts, on s'ha descrit la influència de parà metres addicionals del procés, sent inclosos en el model general proposat. El procés incremental seguit permet a l'autor desenvolupar un model matemà tic general, pas a pas, testejant i afegint els components que més afecten a la formació de la topografia de la superfÃcie. En la primera part de la investigació es va seleccionar un procés de fresat amb eines de punta plana. Primer, s'analitza la geometria de l'eina, combinada amb múltiples avanços, per distingir els principals parà metres que afecten la rugositat superficial. S'introdueix un model de predicció amb un component bà sic per a l'altura de la rugositat, obtinguda a través de la geometria de l'eina de tall. A continuació, es duen a terme experiments més especÃficament dissenyats, variant parà metres tecnològics. Això comença amb l'anà lisi de la inclinació de l'eix de l'eina contra la taula de fresat. Els espècimens d'anà lisi són mostres amb quatre recorreguts de tall rectes amb tall en sentit contrari. Les trajectòries lineals amb diferents direccions donen l'oportunitat d'analitzar la inclinació del fus de fresat en la mà quina. Una anà lisi visual revelà diferències entre direccions de tall oposades, aixà com marques deixades pel tall posterior de l'eina. Considerant les desviacions de les marques de tall observades en les imatges de rugositat superficial obtingudes a partir de les mesures, es va introduir una anà lisi sobre el comportament dinà mic de l'equip i de l'eina de tall. Les vibracions produeixen desviacions en la taula de fresat i en l'eina de tall. Aquestes desviacions van ser detectades i incloses en el model matemà tic per completar la precisió en la predicció de el model. Finalment, el model de predicció de el parà metre de rugositat Sz va ser comprovat amb un major nombre de parà metres del procés. Els valors de Sz mesurats i predits, van ser comparats i analitzats estadÃsticament. Els resultats van revelar una major desviació de la rugositat predita en les mostres fabricades amb diferents mà quines i amb diferents avanços. Importants conclusions sobre la precisió de l'equip de fabricació han estat extretes i d'elles es desprèn que l'empremta de l'eina de tall està directament relacionada amb els parà metres de la topografia de la superfÃcie. A més, la influència de la empremta està afectada per la geometria de l'eina de tall, la rigidesa de l'eina i la precisió de l'equip. La geometria de l'eina conforma la base del parà metre Sz, desviació de l'altura de la superfÃcie. Les conclusions assolides són la base per recomanacions prà ctiques, aplicables en la indústria.[EN] Surface quality of machined parts highly depends on the surface texture that reflects the marks, left by the tool during the cutting process. The traditional theoretical approaches indicate that these marks are related to the cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed, depths of cut...), the machining type, the part material, the tool geometry, etc. But, different machining type and material selection can give a variable result. In nowadays, more progressively, High Speed milling techniques have been applied on hard-to-cut materials more and more extensively. High-speed milling involves a considerable number of process parameters that may affect the 3D surface topography formation. The hypothesis that surface topography parameters depends on the traces left by the tool, determined by working conditions and environmental properties, led to the development of a custom research methodology. This research work shows how the parameters combination, tool axis inclination, tool geometric deflection, cutting tool geometry and environment vibrational behavior, influence on 3D surface topography parameter Sz. The general model was divided in multiple parts, where additional process parameters influence has been described and included in general model proposed. The incremental process followed allows the author to develop a general mathematical model, step by step, testing and adding the components that affect surface topography formation the most. In the first part of the research a milling procedure with flat end milling tools was selected. First, tool geometry, combined with multiple cutting feed rates, is analyzed to distinguish the main parameters that affect surface topography. A prediction model is introduced with a basic topography height component, performed by cutting tool geometry. Next, specifically designed experiments were conducted, varying technological parameters. That starts with cutting tool axis inclination against the milling table analysis. The specimens of analysis are samples with 4 contrary aimed straight cutting paths. Linear paths in different directions give a chance to analyze milling machine spindle axis topography, as well as marks left from cutting tool back cutting edge. Considering the deviations of cutting marks observed in the images of the surface topography obtained through the measurements, the milling equipment and cutting tool dynamical behavior analysis were introduced. Vibrations produce deviations in the milling table and cutting tool. These deviations were detected and included in the mathematical model to complete the prediction model accuracy. Finally, the prediction model of the topography parameter SZ was tested with increased number of process parameters. Measured and predicted SZ values were compared and analyzed statistically. Results revealed high predicted topography deviation on samples manufactured with different machines and with different feed rates. Relevant conclusions about the manufacturing equipment accuracy have been drawn and they state that cutting tool's footprint is directly related with surface topography parameters. Besides, footprint influence is affected by cutting tool geometry, tool stiffness and equipment accuracy.Logins, A. (2021). High speed milling technological regimes, process condition and technological equipment condition influence on surface quality parameters of difficult to cut materials [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/164122TESI
Persistent burglars and knocks on doors: Causal indispensability of knowing vindicated
The aim of the present article is to accomplish two things. The first is to show that given some further plausible assumptions, existing challenges to the indispensability of knowledge in causal explanation of action fail. The second is to elaborate an overlooked and distinct argument in favor of the causal efficacy of knowledge. In short, even if knowledge were dispensable in causal explanation of action, it is still indispensable in causal explanation of other mental attitudes and, in particular, some reactive attitudes and factive emotions. Taking into account this sort of causal efficacy in determining which mental states are genuine mental states opens up new perspectives for defending the view that knowledge is the most general factive and genuine mental state
Knowledge, Practice, and Merit
In this paper I discuss the role that knowledge plays with regard to rational action. It has been recently argued that knowledge determines appropriate action. I examine this proposal, consider objections against it, and finally propose a defense of it
The Problem of Massive Deception for Justification Norms of Action
In this paper, I argue against recent versions of justification norms of action and practical deliberation (Neta, Noûs 43:684–699, 2009; Gerken, Synthese 178:529–547, 2011, Synthese 189:373–394, 2012; Smithies, Noûs 46:265–288, 2012). I demonstrate that these norms yield unacceptable results in deception cases. However, a further modification of justification norms in the light of these results appears to be ad hoc. Hence, I claim, we should reject justification norms of action and practical deliberation
CHANGES OF THE PENETRATION STRENGTH OF THE LUMBAR VERTEBRAE TRABECULAR BONE OF ATHLETES DURING TRAINING
INTRODUCTION: Great static and dynamic load during athletic trainings with weightlifting exercises influence the skeleton, especially spine, of athletes. Some athletes feel pain in lumbar region during such athletic training. Changes in vertebrae bone tissue are mentioned as one of the reasons for pain (1). The osteopenetromethry method has been used for the evaluation of vertebra trabecular bone during the previous years (2,3). The purpose of this study was to examine the changes of vertebra penetration strength (PS) in lumbar region of athletes during the athletic training with weight-lifting exercises using this method.
METHODS:120 athletes (aged 18 to 26) from different sports (Tab.1) were examined. We examined PS of 3 to 5 lumbar vertebrae on the 1st, 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day of athletic training, according to the method described by Logins (3).
RESULTS:The PS of lumbar vertebrae of the athlets on the 1st training day was from 4.2 MPa up to 5.1 MPa. On the 7th day of training the decrease from 17% to 35% of the initial value of PS was denoted. According to the level of PS decrease, we conditionally divided the athlets into two groups. The PS of the first group athlets was decreased for 20% of the initial value. The PS decrease of the second group of athlets exceeded 20% of the initial value (Tab.2) [Tab.2.] On the 14th day of athletic training’s the rehabilitation of the initial level of PS of lumbar vertebrae was denoted for the first group athletes and stayed the same during all the time of intensive load (28 days). For the second group of athletes during the time of intensive load the decrease of PS of lumbar vertebrae was denoted up to 2.7±0.38 MPa on the 28th day of athletic training.
CONCLUSIONS: The results of our investigation prove that intensive physical load during athletic training’s with weight-lifting exercise of athletes causes changes to the structural organization of vertebral trabecular bone and bone mineral content. If the load exceeds the functional possibilities of spine, the remarkable changes of the vertebral trabecular bone strength take place in 7th day of training.
REFERENCE:
1. Silva MJ.Gibson JA.(1997) Bone 21(2):191-199.
2. Hvid I. (1988) Clin Orthop.227: 210-221.
3. Logins V (1996) Mechanics of Composit.Materials 4:564-573
Subjective Unpossessed Reasons
A common assumption in contemporary debates about normative reasons is that ‘subjective' and ‘possessed' are two names for the same sort of reason. This paper challenges that assumption. Given our cognitive limitations, it is unsurprising that normative reasons that derive from what we know andreasons that weare in a position to use in our deliberation are not always one and the same
Normative Reasons without (Good) Reasoning
According to the good reasoning view of normative reasons, p is a reason to F, just in case p is a premise of a good pattern of reasoning. This article presents two counterexamples to the most promising version of the good reasoning view
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