Decriminalizing Delinquency: The Effect of Raising the Age of Majority on Juvenile Recidivism

In the last decade, a number of states have expanded the jurisdiction of their juvenile courts by increasing the maximum age to 18. Proponents argue that these expansions reduce crime by increasing access to the beneficial features of the juvenile justice system. Critics counter that the expansions risk increasing crime by reducing deterrence. In 2010, Illinois raised the maximum age for juvenile court for offenders who commit a misdemeanor. By examining the effect of this law on juvenile offenders in Chicago, this paper provides the first empirical estimates of the consequences of recent legislative activity to raise the age of criminal majority. Applying a difference-in-differences design with multiple control groups, we find little evidence of an effect. Our results suggest that—contrary to the expectations of both advocates and opponents— increasing the maximum age for juvenile court does not affect juvenile recidivism

Pre-Imprisonment Employment Drops: Another Instance of the Ashenfelter Dip?

A number of recent studies examining the effects of imprisonment on ex-prisoner labor market outcomes have reported sizable pre-imprisonment employment drops. The precise cause of these employment declines has not yet been identified. The present Article provides evidence that these geometric declines in employment prior to imprisonment are largely unrelated to the long-term economic trajectories of the soon-to-be imprisoned, and instead reflect the mechanical disruption of labor market activity resulting from pre-imprisonment criminal case processing, especially pretrial incarceration

Punishment’s Place: The Local Concentration of Mass Incarceration

Sociolog

Mammals of Spanish Peaks State Wildlife Area, Colorado

Habitats and relative abundance of small mammals in the Spanish Peaks State Wildlife Area in western Las Animas Co., Colorado, were assessed. A total of 821 mammals of 20 species was collected in 2750 trapnights between 31 May and 19 August of 1981. Eight additional species of mammals were observed on the wildlife area but not documented. The deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) and rock mouse (P. difficilis) were the most abundant small mammals, accounting for 63 and 16%, respectively, of the total catch. The deer mouse was the only species caught in every habitat sampled. Abert\u27s squirrel (Sciurus abert,) previously has not been recorded in Colorado from as far southeast as the Spanish Peaks State Wildlife Area. The mammalian fauna of Colorado has been the subject of numerous studies since the late 1800s. Early studies were by Cockerell (1890), Warren (1906), Cary (1911), and Warren (1942, published posthumously). More recent investigations include the book by Lechleitner (1969), the exhaustive compilation by Armstrong (1972), and the latilong surveys by Bissell (1978, 1982). In spite of these studies, several regions of Colorado remain poorly represented in collections. Armstrong (1972) noted that certain poorly surveyed parts of the western two-thirds of the state appear to me to be ... significant from the standpoint of zoogeography. Western Las Animas County--the Park Plateau and Culebra Range [of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains]--is such an area. In a later publication, Armstrong et al. (1973) noted that additional field investigations were needed in the vicinity of the Wet Mountains, a biogeographically important region where several species of grassland mammals reach altitudinal extremes and certain southern species reach northern limits. With this in mind, the Colorado Division of Wildlife initiated fieldwork in the Spanish Peaks State Wildlife Area to sample the vertebrate fauna in general and to assess habitat associations and relative abundance of small mammals in particular. This report documents the mammals collected and observed in the Spanish Peaks State Wildlife Area during summer of 1981 and summarizes biological data on mammals obtained at that time.https://scholars.fhsu.edu/fort_hays_studies_series/1067/thumbnail.jp

Canticum Fratris solis = Canticle of the sun

Orgánico: 3 1[Eh] 0 0 -- 2 0 0 0 -- cel --- pf -- strCon dedicatoria: `To Mrs. Elizabeth Prague Coolidge in profound admiration. Ch-M. Loeffler`Sumario: Edición numerada de la Library of Congress, nº. 65. La obra Fue interpretada en el primer Festival de música de cámara de la Library of Congress, el 28-30 de Octubre de 1925, dirigida por Frederick A. Stock.Copia digital. España : Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte. Subdirección General de Coordinación Bibliotecaria, s2021Tít. de la carp.: `Canticum Fratis`Partes: Fl 1, 2, 3, Eh, Hn 1, 2, Hp 1, 2, Cel, Pf, Vn 1 (6), Vn 2 (5), Va (4), Vc (4), Db (3

Scalable Bayesian inference for self-excitatory stochastic processes applied to big American gunfire data

The Hawkes process and its extensions effectively model self-excitatory phenomena including earthquakes, viral pandemics, financial transactions, neural spike trains and the spread of memes through social networks. The usefulness of these stochastic process models within a host of economic sectors and scientific disciplines is undercut by the processes' computational burden: complexity of likelihood evaluations grows quadratically in the number of observations for both the temporal and spatiotemporal Hawkes processes. We show that, with care, one may parallelize these calculations using both central and graphics processing unit implementations to achieve over 100-fold speedups over single-core processing. Using a simple adaptive Metropolis-Hastings scheme, we apply our high-performance computing framework to a Bayesian analysis of big gunshot data generated in Washington D.C. between the years of 2006 and 2019, thereby extending a past analysis of the same data from under 10,000 to over 85,000 observations. To encourage wide-spread use, we provide hpHawkes, an open-source R package, and discuss high-level implementation and program design for leveraging aspects of computational hardware that become necessary in a big data setting.Comment: Submitted to Statistics and Computin

Defective antifungal immunity in patients with COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has placed a huge strain on global healthcare and been a significant cause of increased morbidity and mortality, particularly in atrisk populations. This disease attacks the respiratory systems and causes significant immune dysregulation in affected patients creating a perfect opportunity for the development of invasive fungal disease (IFD). COVID-19 infection can instill a significant, poorly regulated pro-inflammatory response. Clinically induced immunosuppression or pro-inflammatory damage to mucosa facilitate the development of IFD and Aspergillus, Mucorales, and Candida infections have been regularly reported throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Corticosteroids and immune modulators are used in the treatment of COVID-19. Corticosteroid use is also a risk factor for IFD, but not the only reason for IFD in COVID -19 patients. Specific dysregulation of the immune system through functional exhaustion of Natural killer (NK) cells and T cells has been observed in COVID-19 through the expression of the exhaustion markers NK-G2A and PD-1. Reduced fungicidal activity of neutrophils from COVID-19 patients indicates that immune dysfunction/imbalance are important risk factors for IFD. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased the at risk population for IFD. Even if the incidence of IFD is relatively low, the size of this new at-risk population will result in a substantial increase in the overall, annual number of IFD cases. It is important to understand how and why certain patients with COVID-19 developed increased susceptibility to IFD, as this will improve our understanding of risk of IFD in the face of future pandemics but also in a clinical era of increased clinical immuno-suppression/modulation

Treatment with etanercept and low monocyte concentration contribute to the risk of invasive aspergillosis in patients post allogeneic stem cell transplantation

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a life-threatening complication among allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (alloSCT) recipients. Despite well known risk factors and different available assays, diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis remains challenging. 103 clinical variables from patients with hematological malignancies and subsequent alloSCT were collected. Associations between collected variables and patients with (n = 36) and without IA (n = 36) were investigated by applying univariate and multivariable logistic regression. The predictive power of the final model was tested in an independent patient cohort (23 IA cases and 25 control patients). Findings were investigated further by in vitro studies, which analysed the effect of etanercept on A. fumigatus-stimulated macrophages at the gene expression and cytokine secretion. Additionally, the release of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) in patient sera was studied. Low monocyte concentration (p = 4.8 × 10−06), severe GvHD of the gut (grade 2–4) (p = 1.08 × 10−02) and etanercept treatment of GvHD (p = 3.5 × 10−03) were significantly associated with IA. Our studies showed that etanercept lowers CXCL10 concentrations in vitro and ex vivo and downregulates genes involved in immune responses and TNF-alpha signaling. Our study offers clinicians new information regarding risk factors for IA including low monocyte counts and administration of etanercept. After necessary validation, such information may be used for decision making regarding antifungal prophylaxis or closely monitoring patients at risk

Pharmacokinetics and Dosing of Levofloxacin in Children Treated for Active or Latent Multidrug-resistant Tuberculosis, Federated States of Micronesia and Republic of the Marshall Islands

In the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) and then the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), levofloxacin pharmacokinetics (PK) were studied in children receiving directly observed once-daily regimens (10 mg/kg, age >5 years; 15–20 mg/kg, age ≤5 years) for either multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) disease or latent infection after MDR TB exposure, to inform future dosing strategies

Comparison of Asymmetric Reaming versus a Posteriorly Augmented Component for Posterior Glenoid Wear and Retroversion: A Radiographic Study.

Background: Managing posterior glenoid wear and retroversion remains a challenge in shoulder arthroplasty. Correcting glenoid version through asymmetric reaming (AR) with placement of a standard glenoid component and the use of posteriorly augmented glenoid (PAG) components are two methods used to address this problem. Our objective is to report the radiographic outcomes of patients with posterior glenoid wear and/or retroversion treated with either approach. Methods: Patients with posterior glenoid wear and a minimum of 15 degrees of retroversion, treated with AR and standard glenoid component or with a PAG component (3 mm, 5 mm, or 7 mm posterior augmentation), were consecutively identified through retrospective chart review. Pre-operative axillary views were evaluated for version, humeral head subluxation in relation to scapular axis and to mid-glenoid face. Post-operative axillary views were reviewed to measure corrected inversion and humeral head subluxation. Results: There were 48 patients in the AR group and 49 patients in the PAG group. Version improved 6.8 degrees in the AR group. In the PAG group, version improved 8.8 degrees with 3 mm augment, 13.4 degrees with 5 mm augment, and 12.8 with 7 mm augments. There were significantly more central peg perforations in the 5 mm PAG group compared to other groups. The humeral head was re-centered within 6.1% of normal in all groups except 7 mm augments. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that AR and PAGs have the ability to re-center the humeral head when utilized in patients with retroversion and posterior wear. Use of a PAG component may allow for greater correction of glenoid retroversion, however, there is an increased risk for central peg perforation with the specific implant utilized in this study. Long-term follow-up is ongoing and needed to understand the clinical implications of these findings