Latent Class Analysis of Antisocial Behavior: Interaction of Serotonin Transporter Genotype and Maltreatment

To improve understanding about genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behavior (ASB), we tested the association of the 44-base pair polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and maltreatment using latent class analysis in 2,488 boys and girls from Wave 1 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. In boys, ASB was defined by three classes (Exclusive Covert, Mixed Covert and Overt, and No Problems) whereas in girls, ASB was defined by two classes (Exclusive Covert, No Problems). In boys, 5-HTTLPR and maltreatment were not significantly related to ASB. However, in girls, maltreatment, but not 5-HTTLPR, was significantly associated with ASB. A significant interaction between 5-HTTLPR and maltreatment was also observed, where maltreated girls homozygous for the short allele were 12 times more likely to be classified in the Exclusive Covert group than in the No Problems group. Structural differences in the latent structure of ASB at Wave 2 and Wave 3 prevented repeat LCA modeling. However, using counts of ASB, 5-HTTLPR, maltreatment, and its interaction were unrelated to overt and covert ASB at Wave 2 and only maltreatment was related to covert ASB at Wave 3. We discuss these findings within the context of sex differences in ASB and relevant models of gene-environment interplay across developmental periods

Brain Serotonin Synthesis in Adult Males Characterized by Physical Aggression during Childhood: A 21-Year Longitudinal Study

Adults exhibiting severe impulsive and aggressive behaviors have multiple indices of low serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission. It remains unclear though whether low 5-HT mediates the behavior or instead reflects a pre-existing vulnerability trait.C-AMT bilaterally in the orbitofrontal cortex and self-reported more impulsiveness. Despite this, in adulthood there were no group differences in plasma tryptophan levels, genotyping, aggression, emotional intelligence, working memory, computerized measures of impulsivity, psychosocial functioning/adjustment, and personal and family history of mood and substance abuse disorders.These results force a re-examination of the low 5-HT hypothesis as central in the biology of violence. They suggest that low 5-HT does not mediate current behavior and should be considered a vulnerability factor for impulsive-aggressive behavior that may or may not be expressed depending on other biological factors, experience, and environmental support during development

Measurement bias in self-reports of offending: a systematic review of experiments

Objectives Self-reported offending is one of the primary measurement methods in criminology. In this article, we aimed to systematically review the experimental evidence regarding measurement bias in self-reports of offending. Methods We carried out a systematic search for studies that (a) included a measure of offending, (b) compared self-reported data on offending between different methods, and (c) used an experimental design. Effect sizes were used to summarize the results. Results The 21 pooled experiments provided evidence regarding 18 different types of measurement manipulations which were grouped into three categories, i.e., Modes of administration, Procedures of data collection, and Questionnaire design. An analysis of the effect sizes for each experimental manipulation revealed, on the one hand, that self-reports are reliable across several ways of collecting data and, on the other hand, self-reports are influenced by a wide array of biasing factors. Within these measurement biases, we found that participants' reports of offending are influenced by modes of administration, characteristics of the interviewer, anonymity, setting, bogus pipeline, response format, and size of the questionnaire. Conclusions This review provides evidence that allows us to better understand and improve crime measurements. However, many of the experiments presented in this review are not replicated and additional research is needed to test further aspects of how asking questions may impact participants' answers.This study was conducted at the Psychology Research Centre (PSI/01662), School of Psychology, University of Minho, and supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology and the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education (UID/PSI/01662/2019), through the national funds (PIDDAC). The first author was supported by a doctoral grant from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT - SFRH/BD/122919/2016)

Painel brasileiro de especialistas sobre diagnóstico do transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade (TDAH) em adultos Panel brasileño de especialistas sobre diagnóstico del trastorno de d��ficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDAH) en adultos Brazilian consensus of specialists on the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults

Considerando-se as dificuldades atuais do diagnóstico do transtorno do déficit de atenção/hiperatividade em adultos, foram reunidos especialistas brasileiros que fazem pesquisas nesta área, de modo a produzir diretrizes de consenso para uso no país. Foi realizada uma revisão não-sistemática preliminar e concebido um texto inicial, que foi repetidamente avaliado e editado pelos autores, com acréscimos e correções ao longo de 6 meses, através de correio eletrônico e de uma reunião posterior, patrocinada pela Associação Brasileira do Déficit de Atenção. A versão preliminar foi apresentada publicamente durante o congresso anual da Associação Brasileira de Psiquiatria, com comentários e sugestões dos participantes, para a redação da versão final.<br>Considerándose las dificultades actuales del diagnóstico del trastorno del déficit de atención/hiperactividad en adultos, se reunieron especialistas brasileños que investigan en esa área, de modo a producir directrices de consenso para uso en el país. Se realizó una revisión no-sistemática preliminar y se concibió un texto inicial, que ha sido repetidamente evaluado y editado por los autores, con acrecimos y correcciones a lo largo de 6 meses, a través de correo electrónico y de una reunión posterior, patrocinada por la Asociación Brasileña del Déficit de Atención. La versión preliminar ha sido presentada públicamente durante el congreso anual de la Asociación Brasileña de Psiquiatría, con comentarios y sugerencias de los participantes para la redacción de la versión final.<br>Present difficulties in the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults have prompted Brazilian specialists involved in research in this area to make a consensus to be used in the country. A non-systematic preliminary review was repeatedly evaluated by all authors, who added new material, commented and corrected parts of the text for 6 months through electronic mail and a further meeting sponsored by the Brazilian Association of Attention-Deficit Disorder. The preliminary version was publicly presented during the annual congress of the Associação Brasileira de Psiquiatria (Brazilian Association for Psychiatry) for appraisal and suggestions from participants in order to prepare the final version