The Incriminating Sound of Silence: A Need for Protection of Post-Arrest, Pre-\u3ci\u3eMiranda\u3c/i\u3e Silence

I. Introduction II. Historical Origins of the Right to Remain Silent III. Silence Prior to Miranda Warnings ... A. Pre-Arrest Silence as Substantive Evidence of Guilt ... B. Post-Arrest, Pre-Miranda Silence for Impeachment Purposes IV. Circuit Court Split: Post-Arrest, Pre-Miranda Silence as Evidence of Guilt ... A. Circuit Courts Allowing Use of Post-Arrest, Pre-Miranda Silence as Evidence of Guilt ... B. Circuit Courts Prohibiting Use of Post-Arrest, Pre-Miranda Silence as Evidence of Guilt V. Analysis ... A. Miranda as a Mere Reminder ... B. Silence as Compulsion ... C. Policy Justifications for Prohibiting Post-Arrest, Pre-Miranda Silence in the Prosecution’s Case-in-Chief ... D. The Confusion of Berghuis v. Thompkins on Post-Arrest, Pre-Miranda Silence VI. Conclusio

HOPE: THE CORE OF SOCIAL JUSTICE

The purpose of Hope: The Core of Social Justice, is to defend the role of hope in social justice movements. For those who are aware of or who face systematic oppression, the idea of having hope can seem ineffective or even detrimental to any progress in overcoming such systems. But, by clearly defining hope and analyzing its characteristics, one may find that the goal of hope and the goal of any social movement are nearly identical. Philosophical, theological, psychological, and historical references help to shine light on the limited conceptions many have of hope and to support the idea that social justice, and life itself, cannot be achieved without it. A true hope protects and motivates social progress and is therefore an integral component of every social justice movement

Interventions Addressing Social and Leisure Participation for Adults with Musculoskeletal Chronic Pain

FOCUS QUESTION: P - Adults 18-90 years of age I - Exploration of most effective OT programs and interventions C - Musculoskeletal chronic pain O - Improved participation in social and leisure activities What are the most effective occupational therapy interventions to improve social and leisure participation in adults aged 18 to 90 who experience chronic musculoskeletal pain

Characterization of the chicken inward rectifier K(+ )channel IRK1/Kir2.1 gene

BACKGROUND: Inward rectifier potassium channels (IRK) contribute to the normal function of skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. The chick inward rectifier K(+ )channel cIRK1/Kir2.1 is expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, brain, but not in liver; a distribution similar but not identical to that of mouse Kir2.1. We set out to explore regulatory domains of the cIRK1 promoter that enhance or inhibit expression of the gene in different cell types. RESULTS: We cloned and characterized the 5'-flanking region of cIRK1. cIRK1 contains two exons with splice sites in the 5'-untranslated region, a structure similar to mouse and human orthologs. cIRK1 has multiple transcription initiation sites, a feature also seen in mouse. However, while the chicken and mouse promoter regions share many regulatory motifs, cIRK1 possesses a GC-richer promoter and a putative TATA box, which appears to positively regulate gene expression. We report here the identification of several candidate cell/tissue specific cIRK1 regulatory domains by comparing promoter activities in expressing (Qm7) and non-expressing (DF1) cells using in vitro transcription assays. CONCLUSION: While multiple transcription initiation sites and the combinatorial function of several domains in activating cIRK1 expression are similar to those seen in mKir2.1, the cIRK1 promoter differs by the presence of a putative TATA box. In addition, several domains that regulate the gene's expression differentially in muscle (Qm7) and fibroblast cells (DF1) were identified. These results provide fundamental data to analyze cIRK1 transcriptional mechanisms. The control elements identified here may provide clues to the tissue-specific expression of this K(+ )channel

Creating Buzz: The Neural Correlates of Effective Message Propagation

Social interaction promotes the spread of values, attitudes, and behaviors. Here we report on neural responses to ideas that are destined to spread. Message communicators were scanned using fMRI during their initial exposure to the to-be-communicated ideas. These message communicators then had the opportunity to spread the messages and their corresponding subjective evaluations to message recipients, outside the scanner. Successful ideas were associated with neural responses in the mentalizing system and the reward system when first heard, prior to spreading them. Similarly, individuals more able to spread their own views to others produced greater mentalizing system activity during initial encoding. Unlike prior social influence studies that focus on those being influenced, this investigation focused on the brains of influencers. Successful social influence is reliably associated with an influencer-tobe’s state of mind when first encoding ideas

Sleep, Diet, and Physical Activity during COVID-19: Practitioners Should Be Aware of Considerable Individual Differences

Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) for prolonged periods of time is related to cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). Sleep quality (SQ) can be operationally defined from components, such as sleep efficiency and sleep-onset latency. Diet is operationally defined as the quantity and quality of nutrient intake. CRF, SQ, and diet are related to all-cause mortality. During the COVID-19 health crisis, non-pharmaceutical interventions (curfews, stay-at-home orders) disrupted people’s lifestyles, including sleep, diet, and physical activity (PA). PURPOSE: To analyze MVPA, diet, and SQ trends over time and variations in changes over time during COVID-19. METHODS: PA (in mins/week), diet (via REAP-S), and SQ (via PSQI) scores were collected every four weeks for a year from the sample (n = 134; Mage = 37.7, SD = 15.7; females = 103, 76.9%). We used a structural equation modeling framework to estimate growth models for each of the three variables. As such, the growth parameters were treated as latent variables. First, we examined the proportion of variability in the three sets of variables due to between-individual differences via the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Next, we estimated the growth parameters for each outcome variable. RESULTS: On average, PA, nutrition, and SQ did not change appreciably over the course of the year; however, there were between-individual differences. For MVPA, SQ, and nutrition, about 35%, 68%, and 61% of the variability (ICC) were, respectively, attributable to differences between individuals. PA was standardized prior to fitting the growth model so the estimate of the intercept was expected to be very near zero. The random intercept effect shows that the person-specific intercepts varied by about 0.5 standard deviations from the overall mean. Similar growth patterns were observed for SQ (Mbaseline = 6.7; SD = 8.4) and nutrition (Mbaseline = 31.1; SD = 7.4). CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate considerable variability in initial status and have practical implications: during this ongoing crisis, practitioners should be probably expecting substantial individual differences but not changes over time in terms of diet, PA, and sleep habits

Frailty in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Risk of Exacerbations and Hospitalizations

Background: Frailty is a complex clinical syndrome associated with vulnerability to adverse health outcomes. While frailty is thought to be common in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the relationship between frailty and COPD-related outcomes such as risk of acute exacerbations of COPD (AE-COPD) and hospitalizations is unclear.Purpose: To examine the association between physical frailty and risk of acute exacerbations, hospitalizations, and mortality in patients with COPD.Methods: A longitudinal analysis of data from a cohort of 280 participants was performed. Baseline frailty measures included exhaustion, weakness, low activity, slowness, and undernutrition. Outcome measures included AE-COPD, hospitalizations, and mortality over 2 years. Negative binomial regression and Cox proportional hazard modeling were used.Results: Sixty-two percent of the study population met criteria for pre-frail and 23% were frail. In adjusted analyses, the frailty syndrome was not associated with COPD exacerbations. However, among the individual components of the frailty syndrome, weakness measured by handgrip strength was associated with increased risk of COPD exacerbations (IRR 1.46, 95% CI 1.09– 1.97). The frailty phenotype was not associated with all-cause hospitalizations but was associated with increased risk of non-COPD-related hospitalizations.Conclusion: This longitudinal cohort study shows that a high proportion of patients with COPD are pre-frail or frail. The frailty phenotype was associated with an increased risk of non-COPD hospitalizations but not with all-cause hospitalizations or COPD exacerbations. Among the individual frailty components, low handgrip strength was associated with increased risk of COPD exacerbations over a 2-year period. Measuring handgrip strength may identify COPD patients who could benefit from programs to reduce COPD exacerbations

Reductions in HIV Stigma as Measured by Social Distance: Impact of a Stigma Reduction Campaign in a Historically Black University

We evaluated the effectiveness of a small media campaign intervention on a historically African American college campus aimed to lower social distance (willingness to interact) for people with HIV.  A modified version of the Bogardus Social scale was used to measure social distance. The survey included questions regarding HIV transmission knowledge and sympathy felt towards those with HIV. Time between pre-test (n= 207) and post-test (n=210) was 1 month. There was significant change in social distance from pre- to post-test only among women (p<.001).  In a regression analysis transmission knowledge (p=.027), sympathy towards those with HIV (p=.000) and gender (p=.000) were significantly related to social distance.  There was a significance difference between men and women for transmission knowledge (p=.001) and sympathy (p=.001). Small media campaigns can be effective at lowering social distance among female African American students but may need to be modified to be effective among males

Novel antibody competition binding assay identifies distinct serological profiles associated with protection

IntroductionPre-erythrocytic malaria vaccines hold the promise of inducing sterile protection thereby preventing the morbidity and mortality associated with Plasmodium infection. The main surface antigen of P. falciparum sporozoites, i.e., the circumsporozoite protein (CSP), has been extensively explored as a target of such vaccines with significant success in recent years. Systematic adjuvant selection, refinements of the immunization regimen, and physical properties of the antigen may all contribute to the potential of increasing the efficacy of CSP-based vaccines. Protection appears to be dependent in large part on CSP antibodies. However due to a knowledge gap related to the exact correlates of immunity, there is a critical need to improve our ability to down select candidates preclinically before entering clinical trials including with controlled human malaria infections (CHMI).MethodsWe developed a novel multiplex competition assay based on well-characterized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target crucial epitopes across the CSP molecule. This new tool assesses both, quality and epitope-specific concentrations of vaccine-induced antibodies by measuring their equivalency with a panel of well-characterized, CSP-epitope-specific mAbs.ResultsApplying this method to RTS,S-immune sera from a CHMI trial demonstrated a quantitative epitope-specificity profile of antibody responses that can differentiate between protected vs. nonprotected individuals. Aligning vaccine efficacy with quantitation of the epitope fine specificity results of this equivalency assay reveals the importance of epitope specificity.DiscussionThe newly developed serological equivalence assay will inform future vaccine design and possibly even adjuvant selection. This methodology can be adapted to other antigens and disease models, when a panel of relevant mAbs exists, and could offer a unique tool for comparing and down-selecting vaccine formulations