Informação de desempenho de um edifício e gráficos de abordagem na concepção de projetos

This research focuses on a new workflow between the fields of Space Layout Planning (SLP) and Building Performance Simulation (BPS) for the early stages of building design with the aim of reducing the energy needs of a building and improving indoor environment quality. Parameters of environmental performance requirements, such as temperature, view, acoustics, and so forth, were selected from different international standards. The intention is to link these performance parameters to a graph that supports schematic design tasks during the creation of architectural floor plans. Programming tests were run to add the information to the graph. A prototype for the early stages of the design is presented in which designers can visualize performance information during the schematic design of floor plans for a building. The complete framework for a BIM (Building Information Modeling) application is described and a case study is presented to demonstrate the usability of the concept.Keywords: building information modeling, space layout planning, floor plan design, building performance simulation, building energy performance, architectural design.Esta pesquisa concentra-se em uma nova linha de trabalho entre os campos de Space Layout Planning (SLP) e Building Performance Simulation (BPS) para fases iniciais de projeto e está destinada a reduzir as necessidades de energia de um edifício e melhorar a qualidade do ambiente interior. Foram selecionados parâmetros de desempenho do ambiente de diferentes normas internacionais, tais como: temperatura, acústica, visual, etc. O objetivo é vincular esses parâmetros de desempenho a um arquivo gráfico. Este gráfico suporta desenhos esquemáticos que são elaborados durante o processo de projeto. Testes de programação foram executados para adicionar estas informações ao gráfico. Um protótipo para as fases iniciais é apresentado. Este protótipo permite aos projetistas verificar, ainda em fase de planta esquemática, informações sobre o desempenho do edifício durante o processo de projeto. A estrutura completa para a aplicação do Building Information Modeling (BIM) é descrito e um estudo de caso é apresentado para demonstrar a aplicação do conceito.Palavras-chave: building information modeling, space layout planning, processo de projeto, desempenho energético do edifício, projeto arquitetônico

O problema da distribuição espacial na arquitetura: pesquisa e reflexões

This work is about the problem of Space Layout Planning (SLP) applied to Architectural Design. The creation of floor-plan layouts is key to architecture, and it is a problem that, because of its complexity, does not have a precise general method for its resolution. An overview and a wide description of the “Architectural Design” process are presented to understand this phenomenon. Secondly we present a brief history and development of the SLP field, and then a description of the state-of-the-art (techniques, approaches and strategies) to implement layout solutions. Concepts such as optimization, generative systems, artificial intelligence, genetic algorithms, physically-based modelling are reviewed and discussed. Commercial CAAD and BIM software is also reviewed. Conclusions and a discussion about the results and absence of this type of software for architectural practice are presented. Key words: space layout planning, computer-aided design, automated architectural floor layout, design methodologies.O artigo trata do problema da distribuição espacial em planta (SLP, por sua sigla em Inglês) aplicada ao projeto arquitetônico. A criação de desenhos de plantas é uma questão fundamental e, devido à sua complexidade, nenhum método preciso para ser resolvido. Apresentamos uma visão geral e uma descrição detalhada do processo de projeto arquitetônico para compreender esse fenômeno. Em segundo lugar, apresentamos uma breve história e o desenvolvimento do SLP. Em seguida, trataremos sobre o estado da arte (técnicas, abordagens e estratégias) para implementar soluções de design. Os conceitos de otimização, sistemas generativos, inteligência artificial, algoritmos genéticos e modelagem com base na física também são revistos e discutidos. Também são analisados os softwares comerciais CAAD e BIM. Ao final, apresentamos as conclusões e uma discussão sobre os resultados e o impacto deste tipo de software na prática da arquitetura.Palavras-chave: planejamento de distribuição espacial, design criado por computador, projetos arquitetônicos automatizados, metodologias de design

The Changing Landscape for Stroke\ua0Prevention in AF: Findings From the GLORIA-AF Registry Phase 2

Background GLORIA-AF (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation) is a prospective, global registry program describing antithrombotic treatment patterns in patients with newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation at risk of stroke. Phase 2 began when dabigatran, the first non\u2013vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOAC), became available. Objectives This study sought to describe phase 2 baseline data and compare these with the pre-NOAC era collected during phase 1. Methods During phase 2, 15,641 consenting patients were enrolled (November 2011 to December 2014); 15,092 were eligible. This pre-specified cross-sectional analysis describes eligible patients\u2019 baseline characteristics. Atrial fibrillation disease characteristics, medical outcomes, and concomitant diseases and medications were collected. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results Of the total patients, 45.5% were female; median age was 71 (interquartile range: 64, 78) years. Patients were from Europe (47.1%), North America (22.5%), Asia (20.3%), Latin America (6.0%), and the Middle East/Africa (4.0%). Most had high stroke risk (CHA2DS2-VASc [Congestive heart failure, Hypertension, Age  6575 years, Diabetes mellitus, previous Stroke, Vascular disease, Age 65 to 74 years, Sex category] score  652; 86.1%); 13.9% had moderate risk (CHA2DS2-VASc = 1). Overall, 79.9% received oral anticoagulants, of whom 47.6% received NOAC and 32.3% vitamin K antagonists (VKA); 12.1% received antiplatelet agents; 7.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. For comparison, the proportion of phase 1 patients (of N = 1,063 all eligible) prescribed VKA was 32.8%, acetylsalicylic acid 41.7%, and no therapy 20.2%. In Europe in phase 2, treatment with NOAC was more common than VKA (52.3% and 37.8%, respectively); 6.0% of patients received antiplatelet treatment; and 3.8% received no antithrombotic treatment. In North America, 52.1%, 26.2%, and 14.0% of patients received NOAC, VKA, and antiplatelet drugs, respectively; 7.5% received no antithrombotic treatment. NOAC use was less common in Asia (27.7%), where 27.5% of patients received VKA, 25.0% antiplatelet drugs, and 19.8% no antithrombotic treatment. Conclusions The baseline data from GLORIA-AF phase 2 demonstrate that in newly diagnosed nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients, NOAC have been highly adopted into practice, becoming more frequently prescribed than VKA in Europe and North America. Worldwide, however, a large proportion of patients remain undertreated, particularly in Asia and North America. (Global Registry on Long-Term Oral Antithrombotic Treatment in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation [GLORIA-AF]; NCT01468701

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

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Factors involved in specific transcription by mammalian RNA polymerase II. Role of factors IID and MLTF in transcription from the adenovirus major late and IVa2 promoters.

Abstract The role of the adenovirus major late upstream transcription factor (MLTF) in transcription from the adenovirus major late and the IVa2 promoters was studied. The transcription initiation site of the IVa2 promoter is located 210 nucleotides upstream from the CAP site of the major late promoter. Transcription from these two promoters occurs on different DNA strands. Thus, this divergent transcription suggests that the same factor could simultaneously regulate the expression of two different genes. This was investigated utilizing a reconstituted transcription system in vitro. The addition of MLTF to reaction mixtures containing the purified general transcription factors and the major late promoter resulted in a 10-12-fold stimulation of transcription. This stimulation was because of an increase of the stability of the preinitiation complex. MLTF allowed DNA template molecules to undergo multiple rounds of transcription. MLTF also stimulated transcription from the adenovirus-encoded IVa2 promoter. Surprisingly, reconstitution experiments indicated that transcription from the IVa2 promoter which does not have a TATA sequence required all the previously described general transcription factors, including TFIID, the TATA binding protein. The requirement for TFIID was demonstrated by reconstitution experiments as well as by oligonucleotide competition experiments. The implications of this observation are discussed