FORMAÇÃO DO EDUCADOR DO CAMPO: A LUTA POR UMA PEDAGOGIA SOCIALISTA NA ENCRUZILHADA DO MERCADO

ABSTRACT   This paper discusses the preparation of educators needed to Rural Education. The official statistics, as well as the academic research show that Maranhão still has a large deficit of qualified teachers to work in basic education in the countryside. This reflection adopted as a methodological approach the dialectical-historical materialist perspective in the attempt to unravel the investigated object, and dialectically as a challenge to capture the elements and the historic-social determinations and their interrelationships. It is noteworthy that the actions that lead to the training of teachers for rural schools are incipient, both in terms of initial and continuing training. Most courses offered do not include teachers working in rural schools, as well as not meeting the specificities of the context. Thus, it is necessary to discuss the training of the educator that is needed for rural education, arguing that this professional must be prepared politically and technically to work in different rural contexts. It is understood that the training of this educator cannot ignore the university environment and the tripod teaching, research and extension, ensuring a solid and diverse formation. In Maranhão, the Bachelor’s Degree in Pedagogy of the Earth has been developing its activities in overcoming this reality. Keywords: Countryside education. Educator’s training. Maranhão. RESUMO   Este trabalho discute a formação do educador necessária à Educação do Campo. As estatísticas oficiais, bem como as pesquisas acadêmicas demonstram que o Maranhão ainda tem um grande déficit de professores habilitados para atuar na educação básica do campo.  Nessa reflexão adota-se, como aporte metodológico, a perspectiva materialista histórico-dialética na tentativa de desvendar o objeto investigado, tendo como desafio captar dialeticamente os elementos e as determinações histórico-sociais e suas inter-relações. Destaca-se que as ações visando a formação de professores para as escolas do campo são incipientes, tanto no que se refere à formação inicial quanto à formação continuada. A maioria dos cursos ofertados não inclui professores que atuam nas escolas do campo, bem como não atendem as especificidades desse contexto. Assim, cabe discutir sobre a formação do educador que se quer para a Educação do Campo, sustentando-se que esse profissional deve ser preparado política e tecnicamente para atuar nos diferentes contextos do campo. Compreende-se que a formação desse educador não pode prescindir do ambiente universitário e do tripé ensino, pesquisa e extensão, garantindo uma formação sólida e diversificada. No Maranhão, o curso de Licenciatura em Pedagogia da Terra vem desenvolvendo suas atividades visando à superação dessa realidade. Palavras-chave: Educação do Campo. Formação do Educador. Maranhão

Scalable production of human mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles under serum-/xeno-free conditions in a microcarrier-based bioreactor culture system

Copyright © 2020 de Almeida Fuzeta, Bernardes, Oliveira, Costa, Fernandes-Platzgummer, Farinha, Rodrigues, Jung, Tseng, Milligan, Lee, Castanho, Gaspar, Cabral and da Silva. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) hold great promise for tissue engineering and cell-based therapies due to their multilineage differentiation potential and intrinsic immunomodulatory and trophic activities. Over the past years, increasing evidence has proposed extracellular vesicles (EVs) as mediators of many of the MSC-associated therapeutic features. EVs have emerged as mediators of intercellular communication, being associated with multiple physiological processes, but also in the pathogenesis of several diseases. EVs are derived from cell membranes, allowing high biocompatibility to target cells, while their small size makes them ideal candidates to cross biological barriers. Despite the promising potential of EVs for therapeutic applications, robust manufacturing processes that would increase the consistency and scalability of EV production are still lacking. In this work, EVs were produced by MSC isolated from different human tissue sources [bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue (AT), and umbilical cord matrix (UCM)]. A serum-/xeno-free microcarrier-based culture system was implemented in a Vertical-WheelTM bioreactor (VWBR), employing a human platelet lysate culture supplement (UltraGROTM-PURE), toward the scalable production of MSC-derived EVs (MSC-EVs). The morphology and structure of the manufactured EVs were assessed by atomic force microscopy, while EV protein markers were successfully identified in EVs by Western blot, and EV surface charge was maintained relatively constant (between −15.5 ± 1.6 mV and −19.4 ± 1.4 mV), as determined by zeta potential measurements. When compared to traditional culture systems under static conditions (T-flasks), the VWBR system allowed the production of EVs at higher concentration (i.e., EV concentration in the conditioned medium) (5.7-fold increase overall) and productivity (i.e., amount of EVs generated per cell) (3-fold increase overall). BM, AT and UCM MSC cultured in the VWBR system yielded an average of 2.8 ± 0.1 × 1011, 3.1 ± 1.3 × 1011, and 4.1 ± 1.7 × 1011 EV particles (n = 3), respectively, in a 60 mL final volume. This bioreactor system also allowed to obtain a more robust MSC-EV production, regarding their purity, compared to static culture. Overall, we demonstrate that this scalable culture system can robustly manufacture EVs from MSC derived from different tissue sources, toward the development of novel therapeutic products.unding received by iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences from the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) (UID/BIO/04565/2020) and through the projects PTDC/EQU-EQU/31651/2017, PTDC/BBB-BQB/1693/2014, and PTDC/BTM-SAL/31057/2017 is acknowledged. Funding received from POR de Lisboa 2020 through the project PRECISE – Accelerating progress toward the new era of precision medicine (Project N. 16394) is also acknowledged. MAF (PD/BD/128328/2017) and FO (PD/BD/135046/2017) acknowledge FCT for the Ph.D. fellowships and DG (SFRH/BPD/109010/2015) for the Post-Doctoral fellowship.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio