Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. Boulardii and b-galactomannan oligosaccharide on porcine intestinal epithelial and dendritic cells challenged in vitro with Escherichia coli F4 (K88)

Probiotic and prebiotics, often called “immune-enhancing” feed additives, are believed to deal with pathogens, preventing the need of an immune response and reducing tissue damage. In this study, we investigated if a recently developed b-galactomannan (bGM) had a similar protective role compared to Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. Boulardii (Scb), a proven probiotic, in the context of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection. ETEC causes inflammation, diarrhea and intestinal damage in piglets, resulting in large economic loses worldwide. We observed that Scb and bGM products inhibited in vitro adhesion of ETEC on cell surface of porcine intestinal IPI-2I cells. Our data showed that Scb and bGM decreased the mRNA ETEC-induced gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-a, IL-6, GM-CSF and chemokines CCL2, CCL20 and CXCL8 on intestinal IPI-2I. Furthermore, we investigated the putative immunomodulatory role of Scb and bGM on porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) per se and under infection conditions. We observed a slight up-regulation of mRNA for TNF-a and CCR7 receptor after coincubation of DC with Scb and bGM. However, no differences were found in DC activation upon ETEC infection and Scb or bGM co-culture. Therefore, our results indicate that, similar to probiotic Scb, prebiotic bGM may protect intestinal epithelial cells against intestinal pathogens. Finally, although these products may modulate DC activation, their effect under ETEC challenge conditions remains to be elucidated.This work was supported by grants from the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA, France) and grant AGL 2009-11936 of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIIN, Spain). We gratefully acknowledge Dr I. Badiola (CReSA) for providing ETEC GN1034 strain and Dr J. Domínguez-Juncal (Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, INIA, Madrid, Spain) for kindly providing antibodies for pig cell surface markers.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Influence of dietary n-3 long-chain fatty acids on microbial diversity and composition of sows’ feces, colostrum, milk, and suckling piglets’ feces

Introduction: Very little is known about the impact of n-3 long-chain fatty acids (n-3 LCFAs) on the microbiota of sows and their piglets. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of n-3 LCFA in sow diets on the microbiota composition of sows’ feces, colostrum, and milk as well as that of piglets’feces. Methods: Twenty-two sows were randomly assigned to either a control or an n-3 LCFA diet from service to weaning. Sows’ and piglets’ performance was monitored. The gestating and lactating sows’microbiomes in feces, colostrum, and milk were characterized by 16s ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. The fecal microbiome from the two lowest (>800 g) and the two highest birth weight piglets per litter was also characterized, and the LPS levels in plasma were analyzed at weaning. Results and Discussion: n-3 LCFA increased microbiota alpha diversity in suckling piglets’ and gestating sows’ feces. However, no effects were observed in colostrum, milk, or lactating sows’ feces. Dietary n-3 LCFA modified the microbiota composition of gestating sows’ feces, milk, and suckling piglets’feces, without affecting lactating sows’ feces or colostrum. In gestating sows’ feces and milk, the decrease in genus Succinivibrio and the increase of Proteobacteria phylum, due to the increased genera Brenneria and Escherichia, respectively, stand out. In the feces of suckling piglets, the higher abundance of the beneficial genus Akkermansia and Bacteroides, and different species of Lactobacillus are highlighted. In addition, positive correlations for families and genera were found between lactating sows’ feces and milk, milk and suckling piglets’ feces, and lactating sows’ feces and suckling piglets’feces. To conclude, dietary n-3 LCFA had a positive impact on the microbiome of suckling piglet’s feces by increasing microbial diversity and some beneficial bacteria populations, had a few minor modifications on the microbiome of milk and gestating sows’ feces and did not change the microbiome in lactating sows’ feces or colostrum. Therefore, this study shows the effect of dietary n-3 LCFA on the microbiota of sows, colostrum, milk, and suckling piglets during the lactation period providing crucial information on the microbiota status at the early stages of life, which have an impact on the post-weaning.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The effect of feeder system and diet on welfare, performance and meat quality, of growing-finishing Iberian × Duroc pigs under high environmental temperatures

The present study investigated the replacement of 5% of starch (ST) by 5% of sunflower oil (SO), with or without feed restriction, in the diet of growing-finishing Iberian × Duroc pigs exposed to heat stress conditions. The effects of these strategies on the welfare, performance and meat quality of the animals were evaluated. Seventy-two crossbred males [51.00 ± 6.29 kg body weight (BW)] were housed in collective pens and randomly distributed according to their initial BW in climate-controlled rooms under heat stress conditions (30–32 °C; 35%–50% humidity). The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, in a 2 × 2 factorial design composed of two diets (control or oil) and two feed management (ad-libitum and restriction) types. The investigated treatments were: 1) control diet (5% ST × 0% SO) with ad-libitum feed intake, 2) oil diet (replacement of 5% of ST by 5% SO) with ad-libitum feed intake, 3) control diet with restriction feed intake, and 4) oil diet with restriction feed intake. The pigs’ behavior and dirtiness score were observed daily, and their performance was assessed weekly. Furthermore, three blood samples were collected from each animal for hemogram analysis during the period of study. The analysis of meat and carcass quality was performed 24 h post-mortem once the animals had reached an average BW of 130–140 kg. Statistical analyses were performed using the PROC MIXED and PROC GENMOD procedures of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS). The diet-regimen interaction produced no effects (P > 0.05) on the analyzed variables, except for behavior. Animals on the control diet associated with ad-libitum feed management spent more time in the lateral decubitus position and showed reduced activity. In addition, pigs fed ad-libitum and those that received the control diet displayed the highest level of dirtiness during the experiment. Evaluation of performance revealed that pigs receiving the oil diet showed reduced feed intake (P < 0.05) with no difference in average daily gain and consequently presented better feed conversion values compared to animals on the control diet. Furthermore, the oil diet resulted in a higher (P < 0.05) carcass yield as well as a higher oleic fat content in the meat. Pigs on restricted feeding management with lower body and carcass weights produced higher values of leanness percentage and carcass compared to animals in the ad-libitum group. In conclusion, the replacement of 5% of starch by 5% of sunflower oil in the pigs’ diet during high ambient temperatures improved the animals’ welfare, feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Influence of dietary n-3 long-chain fatty acids on microbial diversity and composition of sows’ feces, colostrum, milk, and suckling piglets’ feces

IntroductionVery little is known about the impact of n-3 long-chain fatty acids (n-3 LCFAs) on the microbiota of sows and their piglets. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of n-3 LCFA in sow diets on the microbiota composition of sows’ feces, colostrum, and milk as well as that of piglets’ feces.MethodsTwenty-two sows were randomly assigned to either a control or an n-3 LCFA diet from service to weaning. Sows’ and piglets’ performance was monitored. The gestating and lactating sows’ microbiomes in feces, colostrum, and milk were characterized by 16s ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. The fecal microbiome from the two lowest (&gt;800 g) and the two highest birth weight piglets per litter was also characterized, and the LPS levels in plasma were analyzed at weaning.Results and Discussionn-3 LCFA increased microbiota alpha diversity in suckling piglets’ and gestating sows’ feces. However, no effects were observed in colostrum, milk, or lactating sows’ feces. Dietary n-3 LCFA modified the microbiota composition of gestating sows’ feces, milk, and suckling piglets’ feces, without affecting lactating sows’ feces or colostrum. In gestating sows’ feces and milk, the decrease in genus Succinivibrio and the increase of Proteobacteria phylum, due to the increased genera Brenneria and Escherichia, respectively, stand out. In the feces of suckling piglets, the higher abundance of the beneficial genus Akkermansia and Bacteroides, and different species of Lactobacillus are highlighted. In addition, positive correlations for families and genera were found between lactating sows’ feces and milk, milk and suckling piglets’ feces, and lactating sows’ feces and suckling piglets’ feces. To conclude, dietary n-3 LCFA had a positive impact on the microbiome of suckling piglet’s feces by increasing microbial diversity and some beneficial bacteria populations, had a few minor modifications on the microbiome of milk and gestating sows’ feces and did not change the microbiome in lactating sows’ feces or colostrum. Therefore, this study shows the effect of dietary n-3 LCFA on the microbiota of sows, colostrum, milk, and suckling piglets during the lactation period providing crucial information on the microbiota status at the early stages of life, which have an impact on the post-weaning

Effect of environmental temperature, floor type and breed on skatole and indole concentrations in fat of females, immuno-castrated and entire males

The present study was divided in two different trials. The aim of the first trial was to determine if the thresholds of detection of skatole and indole are achieved in females and in males vaccinated against the GnRF housed in two different type of floors and subject to control or high environmental temperatures. The aim of the second trial was to assess the effect of sire (Duroc crossbreed and Pietrain crossbreed) and heat stress on the concentration of skatole and indole in entire males. In the first trial, the animals subjected to heat stress on a concrete floor were found to be dirtier and to present higher skatole and indole concentrations than did animals from the control treatment in 100% slatted floors. In the second trial, although the animals were dirtier when subjected to high temperatures, no effect of the temperature was found in skatole/indole concentrations. The Duroc pigs were dirtier and had higher skatole and indole concentrations than did Pietrain pigs. It is concluded that even females or vaccinated males can reach values of skatole/indole close to the thresholds of sensory detection under conditions of dirtiness and heat stress. However, the relationship between heat, dirtiness and skatole/indole concentrations in fat were not confirmed in trial 2 using entire males.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Functionality of a next generation biosynthetic bacterial 6-phytase in enhancing phosphorus availability to weaned piglets fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet without added inorganic phosphate

The utility of a next generation biosynthetic bacterial 6-phytase (PhyG) in restoring bone ash, bone phosphorus (P) content and performance in piglets depleted in P was evaluated. A total of 9 treatments were tested as follows. Treatment 1, a negative control (NC) diet; treatments 2, 3, 4, NC supplemented with 250, 500 or 1,000 FTU/kg of PhyG; treatments 5, 6, NC supplemented with 500 or 1,000 FTU/kg of a commercial Buttiauxella sp phytase (PhyB); treatments 7, 8, 9, NC supplemented with monocalcium phosphate (MCP) to provide 0.7, 1.4 and 1.8 g/kg digestible P, equating to a digestible P content of 1.8, 2.5 and 2.9 g/kg. The latter constituting the positive control (PC) diet with adequate P and calcium (Ca). The NC was formulated without inorganic P (1.1 g digestible P/kg) and reduced in Ca (5.0 g/kg). Additional limestone was added to treatments 7 to 9 to maintain Ca-to-P ratio between 1.2 and 1.3. A total of 162 crossed Pietrain × (Large White × Landrace) 21-d-old piglets (50% males and 50% females) were fed adaptation diets until 42 d old and then assigned to pens with 2 pigs/pen and 9 pens/treatment in a completely randomized block design. Piglets were fed mash diets based on corn and soybean meal ad libitum for 28 d. At the end of the study, one piglet perpen was euthanized and the right feet collected for determination of bone strength, bone ash and mineral content. Compared with the PC, the NC group had reduced average daily gain (ADG) and increased feed conversion ratio (FCR) during all growth phases and overall, and at d 28 (70 d old) NC pigs had bones with reduced ash, Ca and P content (P < 0.05). The PhyG at 250 FTU/kg improved bone ash vs. NC. Increasing PhyG dose linearly or quadratically improved bone ash, ADG and FCR (P < 0.05). At ≥ 500 FTU/kg, both PhyG and PhyB maintained ADG and FCR equivalent to PC. Linear regression analysis was done to compare the measured response parameters to increasing digestible P from MCP. Based on this analysis it was shown that PhyG and PhyB at 1,000 FTU/kg could replace 1.83 and 1.66 g/kg digestible P from MCP in the diet, respectively, on average across metacarpi bone ash, ADG or FCR. These findings suggest that the biosynthetic phytase is highly effective in the tested dietary setting.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Utilización de alimentos líquidos para el ganado porcino

La distribución de alimentos líquidos al ganado porcino es un sistema alternativo en el cual el alimento se prepara y distribuye a través de un equipo totalmente informatizado y automatizado. Además de materias primas y piensos permite también el uso de co-productos líquidos de la industria agroalimentaria o productos fermentados. Su utilización evita el coste de su transformación o eliminación permitiendo rebajar el coste de producción del cerdo porque su precio es altamente competitivo. La aplicación de alimentos líquidos fermentados tiene efectos benéficos sobre el epitelio intestinal, la microflora digestiva y el estado sanitario de los lechones, reduciendo la morbilidad y aumentando los resultados de crecimiento. Este sistema de alimentación facilita igualmente la aplicación de programas multifase ajustando diariamente el aporte a las necesidades en nutrientes del cerdo reduciendo la excreción (N, P, metales pesados) y con ello, el riesgo de contaminación medioambiental. The distribution of liquid diets for swine is an alternative system where feed is prepared and distributed by an automatic computerized device. In addition to feedstuffs and complementary dry feed, this system allows the use of fresh or fermented agri-food liquid by-products. These products are cheaper and its use as feed avoids the cost of its transformation or elimination, reducing the environmental load and the cost per kg of pig meat. The fermented liquid feed protects the intestinal epithelium, helps to control digestive microflora and animal health improving piglet growth performance after weaning. This feeding device also helps implementation of multiphase feeding programs, adjusting nutrient supplies to requirements daily, and consequently reducing the nutrient excretion (N, P, heavy metals) and the risk of environmental pollution

Évaluation du modèle de prédiction de la composition en acides gras du porc

International audienceA module for the digestive and metabolic use of lipids and fatty acids (FA) was coupled to the InraPorc simulation model. The later was used to predict the lipid mass by adjusting some parameters to approximate the best performance (feed intake, growth rate) achieved by the animals during the trials. Then, the lipid mass is used as an input to the FA module to estimate their growth and establish the FA composition in the whole animal at slaughter. Data from 5 studies and twenty experimental diets were used to validate the module. Although many FAs can be identified, palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids account for over 95% of the total FAs obtained during chemical analysis of pork samples. Their content on the studies used in this work ranged from 18.2 to 28.7, 9.8 to 17.8, 33.1 to 51.0 and 5.3 to 27.1 % for palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic, respectively. Predictions ranged from 14.9 to 27.0, 8.8 to 16.4, 28.9 to 56.4 and 6.2 to 35.0% for palmitic (r = 0.89; P < 0.001), stearic (r = 0.66; P = 0.001), oleic (r = 0.87; P < 0.001) and linoleic (r = 0.85; P < 0.001), respectively. Even if adjustments can always be done to ameliorate predictions, these results already showed that the FA module predicted quite well the deposition of total FA along growth (r = 0.93; P < 0.001), as well as that of individual FAs at different slaughter weights. From these results, it can be concluded about the interest of the development of the FA module coupled to the InraPorc model to study the influence of feeding strategies and to predict the quality of pork.Un module d’utilisation digestive et métabolique des lipides et acides gras (AG) a été couplé au modèle InraPorc de simulation de la croissance du porc. Celui-ci a été utilisé pour prédire la croissance de la masse de lipides en ajustant certains de ses paramètres afin de s’approcher au mieux des performances (consommation d’aliment, croissance journalière) réalisées par les animaux lors des essais. A son tour, la valeur de la masse lipidique est utilisée en tant qu’intrant du module d’AG afin d’estimer le dépôt de chaque AG et établir la composition en AG de l’animal entier au moment de l’abattage. Les données expérimentales basées sur cinq études et vingt régimes alimentaires ont été utilisées pour valider le module. Même si beaucoup d’AG peuvent être identifiés, les acides palmitique, stéarique, oléique et linoléique représentent plus de 95% du total des AG obtenus lors de l’analyse chimique des échantillons de porcs nourris avec des régimes standards. Leur contenu dans les études utilisées variait, respectivement, de 18,2 à 28,7, de 9,8 à 17,8, 33,1 à 51,0 et de 5,3 à 27,1% pour les AG palmitique, stéarique, oléique et linoléique. Les résultats ont montré que le module prédit assez bien les dépôts d’AG individuels au cours de la croissance, ainsi que le total d’AG observé lors de l’abattage (r = 0,93 ; P < 0,001). Les prédictions ont varié, respectivement, de 14,9 à 27,0, de 8,8 à 16,4, de 28,9 à 56,4 et 6,2 à 35,0% pour les AG palmitique (r = 0,89; P < 0,001), stéarique (r = 0,66; P = 0,001), oléique (r = 0,87; P < 0,001) et linoléique (r = 0,85; P < 0,001). D’après ces résultats, il est possible de conclure sur l’intérêt de l’utilisation du module de composition en AG couplé au modèle InraPorc afin d’étudier l’influence des stratégies alimentaires et prédire la qualité du gras du porc