Dogs as a source of Salmonella spp. in apparently healthy dogs in the Valencia Region. Could it be related with intestinal lactic acid bacteria?

Altres ajuts: Banco Santander (ES), FUSPBS-PPC 15/2016Although salmonellosis is considered one of the most important food-borne zoonotic diseases in Europe, close contact between dogs and their owners can also be a potential source of Salmonella spp. for humans. This study assessed the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp. in apparently healthy dogs in the Valencian Region, eastern Spain. Moreover, a macroscopic comparison of lactic acid bacteria in both Salmonella -positive and Salmonella -negative dogs was carried out. Of a total of 325 dogs sampled, 6 (1.85%) were positive for Salmonella spp. with 3 different serotypes, Havana (3), Mikawasima (2) and monophasic Typhimurium (1). All isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested except monophasic S. Typhimurium, which was resistant to ampicillin. Finally, macroscopic results revealed that lactic acid bacteria had higher heterogeneity in the Salmonella -negative dogs than in the Salmonella -positive dogs. Although the results in our study showed a low prevalence of Salmonella spp., raw food has been suggested as a risk factor for bacteria in dog faeces. Public awareness campaigns on good hygiene practices, especially after handling canine faeces or raw food, are necessary. Furthermore, to reduce the potential transmission of bacteria, dogs should be fed food that has been properly cooked, as raw or undercooked food can be a source of zoonotic pathogens. Moreover, further studies must be performed to determine the relationship between lactic acid bacteria and Salmonella spp. in dog faeces

First description of sarcoptic mange in an Iberian hare (Lepus granatensis)

The Iberian hare (Lepus granatensis) is a popular small game species in the Iberian Peninsula, and it has never been reported to be affected by sarcoptic mange. An adult female Iberian hare with overt skin lesions on forelimbs and ventral thorax, suggestive of sarcoptic mange, was culled in Quart de les Valls municipality in the Valencian Community, Spain, in 2019. Skin scrapings were digested in 10% KOH solutions to confirm the presence of mites. Ten Sarcoptes microsatellite markers were used to characterize the genetic structure of mites obtained from the hare, and from sympatric and allopatric wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes). A total of 56 alleles were counted across the 10 microsatellite loci. Six private alleles were found at four loci (Sarms 33, 38, 41, 45). The multivariate analysis characterized three main clusters, corresponding to mites collected on foxes originating from Catalonia, foxes from Valencia and the hare plus wild rabbits. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of sarcoptic mange in the Iberian hare. The origin was molecularly traced back to contacts with endemically infected wild rabbits. We encourage further investigations on cross-transmissibility of S. scabiei between wild rabbits and the diverse representatives of Lepus spp

RESISTENCIA ANTIBIÓTICA DE SALMONELLA SPP, ESCHERICHIA COLI AISLADAS DE ALPACAS (Vicugna pacus) CON Y SIN DIARREA

A nivel mundial, el problema de resistencia a antibióticos es considerado de prioridad sanitaria pública y veterinaria, por ello el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la presencia de resistencia antibiótica frente a Salmonella sp., y Escherichia coli provenientes de crías de alpacas con y sin diarrea. La investigación fue de tipo descriptivo transversal múltiple. Se recolectaron 300 muestras de heces por hisopado rectal de crías de alpacas entre 10 a 60 días nacidas con y sin cuadros diarreicos provenientes de Comunidades Campesinas de Huancavelica-Perú. La presencia de Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp. Se identificó mediante pruebas bioquímicas la susceptibilidad antibacteriana por método Kirby Bauer y se evaluaron 8 antibióticos usuales del mercado veterinaria. El 100%de muestras con diarreas fueron positivas a Escherichia coli, 40,0%Salmonella spp., 20%Escherichia coli-Salmonella spp. y muestras sin diarrea 57,0%positivas a Escherichia coli, 24,0% Salmonella spp., 19.0% E. coli-Salmonella spp. Las cepas de Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp. fueron resistentes a Ampicilina (10,4 0,3), (9,3 0,2); Novomicina (11,1 0,2), (11,2 0,1); Tetraciclina (8,2 0,1), (9,2 0,3); Penicilina (9,1 0,4), (11,1 0,3); Gentamicina (10,1 0,4), (10,2 0,3) provenientes de muestras con diarrea y en muestras sin diarrea resistentes a Gentamicina (10,3 0,1), (8,2 0,1); Tetraciclina (9,2 0,4), (8,2 0,4); Ampicilina (11,2 0,1), (9,3 0,2); Penicilina (10,2 0,4), (10,1 0,3). Las cepas de Salmonella spp., y Escherichia coli aisladas de crías de alpacas con y sin diarreas evidencian resistencia antibacteriana a múltiples antibióticos usados en la veterinaria//The problem of antibiotic resistance is considered a public and veterinary sanitary priority worldwide, for that reason the aim of the study was to evaluate the presence of antibiotic resistance against Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli coming from alpaca calves with and without diarrhea. The research was cross-sectional descriptive. 300 stool samples per rectal swab were collected from alpaca calves aging from 10 and 60 days with and without diarrhea from Peasant Communities in Huancavelica – Peru. The presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. was identified by conventional biochemical test, antibacterial susceptibility by Kirby Bauer method and 8 usual antibiotics from the veterinary market were evaluated. 100% of samples with diarrhea were positive to Escherichia coli; 40.0% Salmonella spp.; 40% Escherichia coli -Salmonella spp., and samples without diarrhea 48.3% positive to Escherichia Coli; 14.0% Salmonella spp.; 9.3% Escherichia coli -Salmonella spp. The CMI in Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. strains were resistant to Ampicillin (10.4 0.3), (9.3 0.2); Novomycin (11.1 0.2), (11.2 0. 1); Tetracycline (8.2 0.1), (9.2 0.3); Penicillin (9.1 0. 4), (11.1 0. 3); Gentamicin (10.1 0. 4), (10.2 0. 3) from samples with diarrhea and in samples without diarrhea resistant to Gentamicin (10.3 0.1), (8.2 0.1); Tetracycline (9.2 0.4), (8.2 0.4); Ampicillin (11.2 0.1), (9.3 0.2); Penicillin (10.2 0.4), (10.1 0.3). Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli strains isolated from alpaca calves with and without diarrhea show antibacterial resistance to multiple antibiotics used in veterinary

Potential Risk of Three Zoonotic Protozoa (Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Toxoplasma gondii) Transmission from Fish Consumption

In recent decades, worldwide fish consumption has increased notably worldwide. Despite the health benefits of fish consumption, it also can suppose a risk because of fishborne diseases, including parasitic infections. Global changes are leading to the emergence of parasites in new locations and to the appearance of new sources of transmission. That is the case of the zoonotic protozoa Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Toxoplasma gondii ; all of them reach aquatic environments and have been found in shellfish. Similarly, these protozoa can be present in other aquatic animals, such as fish. The present review gives an overview on these three zoonotic protozoa in order to understand their potential presence in fish and to comprehensively revise all the evidences of fish as a new potential source of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Toxoplasma gondii transmission. All of them have been found in both marine and freshwater fishes. Until now, it has not been possible to demonstrate that fish are natural hosts for these protozoa; otherwise, they would merely act as mechanical transporters. Nevertheless, even if fish only accumulate and transport these protozoa, they could be a "new" source of infection for people

A área da Educação Física e sua repercussão na realização da atividade física durante o recesso escolar a partir de uma proposta de intervenção. Um estudo piloto.

Introducción: Las tasas de obesidad se han visto incrementadas en los últimos años, provocando un descenso de la calidad de vida de las personas, siendo la inactividad física una de las principales causas. Por ello, el contexto escolar se ha convertido en un espacio vital para la prevención de estas actitudes. Dentro de la jornada escolar tenemos dos momentos fundamentales para ello: las clases de Educación Física y el recreo escolar. Objetivos: El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer las preferencias de actividad física que tienen los escolares tanto dentro del área de Educación Física como en el recreo, y a partir de una adecuada intervención dentro de la propia área curricular, dotar de una serie de aprendizajes y experiencias motrices que le permitan al niño mantener, experimentar o modificar sus hábitos dentro de este espacio y tiempo de inactividad académica dentro del periodo lectivo. Métodos: La muestra estaba formada por 52 alumnos de 2º nivel de Educación Primaria, 28 chicos-24 chicas entre los 7-8 años de edad (7,23 ± 0,43). Se les aplicó un cuestionario validado pretest, intervención y postest. Resultados y discusión: Se evidencia que tras una adecuada intervención dentro del área de Educación Física se realizan recreos más activos. Las niñas realizan actividades más sedentarias que los chicos. Resulta necesario establecer programas físicamente más activos en el recreo, así como una revisión de las diferentes programaciones didácticas propias del área, en la búsqueda de una mayor repercusión de los aprendizajes adquiridos en su vida diaria y momentos saludables.Introduction: Obesity rates have increased in recent years, causing a decline in the quality of life of people, physical inactivity being one of the main causes. Therefore, the school context has become a vital space for the prevention of these attitudes. Within the school day, we have two fundamental moments for it: Physical Education classes and school recess. Objectives: The objective of this study was to know the preferences of physical activity that schoolchildren have both within the area of Physical Education and at recess, and from an appropriate intervention within the curricular area itself, to provide a series of learning and motor experiences that allow the child to maintain, experiment or modify their habits within this academic space and time of inactivity within the school period. Methods: The sample consisted of 52 students of second level of Primary Education, 28 boys-24 girls between 7-8 years of age (7.23 ± 0.43). A pre-test, intervention and post-test questionnaire was applied. Results and discussion: It is evident that after an adequate intervention within the Physical Education area recreations that are more active are made. Girls perform more sedentary activities than boys do. It is necessary to establish physically more active programs at recess, as well as a review of the different didactic programming of the area, in the search for a greater impact of the learning acquired in their daily lives and healthy moments.Introdução: A obesidade taxas foram aumentadas nos últimos anos, causando um declínio na qualidade de vida das pessoas, a inatividade física sendo uma das principais causas. Portanto, o contexto escolar tornou-se um espaço vital para a prevenção dessas atitudes. Dentro do dia escolar temos dois momentos fundamentais para isso: aulas de Educação Física e recesso escolar. Objectivos: propõe-se este estudo com os objetivos de descrever as preferências de atividade física com a escola, da área de educação física e recesso, e da intervenção apropriada dentro da própria área curricular, fornecem uma gama de aprendizagem e experiências motoras que permitem à criança manter, experimentar ou modificar seus hábitos dentro deste espaço acadêmico e tempo de inatividade dentro do período escolar. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 52 alunos de 2º nível do ensino primário, 28 crianças-24 meninas entre 7-8 anos de idade (7,23 ± 0,43). Um pré-teste validado, intervenção e posttest questionário foi aplicado. Resultados e discussão: É evidente que, após uma intervenção adequada dentro da área de Educação Física, são realizadas recriações mais ativas. As meninas realizam atividades mais sedentárias do que os meninos. Necessário estabelecer fisicamente mais ativos programas de recreação, bem como uma revisão dos diferentes programas de ensino própria área de, em busca de um maior impacto do aprendizado adquirido em suas vidas diárias e momentos saudáveis

Molecular Characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in Cultivated and Wild Marine Fishes from Western Mediterranean with the First Detection of Zoonotic Cryptosporidium ubiquitum

Altres ajuts: Ministerio para la transición ecológica y el reto demográfico 2019/1476 i 2020/792Cryptosporidium is a widespread pathogen that infects a broad range of vertebrates, including humans, in which it is one of the main causes of diarrhea worldwide. Marine fishes also harbor Cryptosporidium species, including zoonotic ones. The goal of this study is to evaluate the presence of Cryptosporidium species in edible marine fishes using molecular tools. The area of study, located in the Western Mediterranean, is an important area for marine fish production and capture. The following three groups were studied: cultivated fish, wild fish that aggregate in the surroundings of marine fish farms and wild fish from extractive fisheries. Results show that the most affected group is the group of wild fish from the vicinity of fish farms. Two species were mainly identified, C. molnari (fish specific) and zoonotic C. ubiquitum. The presence of zoonotic C. ubiquitum in two European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) highlights a potential risk for fish consumers. Fish not only harbor host-specific species/genotypes of Cryptosporidium, but also species like zoonotic C. parvum or anthroponotic C. hominis, which can pose a risk for fish consumers. This study aims to investigate fish cryptosporidiosis in an important aquaculture and fishery area of the Western Mediterranean (Comunidad Valenciana, Spain). We analyzed 404 specimens belonging to the following three groups: cultivated fish (N = 147), wild synanthropic fish (N = 147) and wild fish from extractive fisheries (N = 110). Nested PCR targeting the 18S rRNA gene, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, were performed. Positive isolates were also amplified at the actin gene locus. An overall prevalence of 4.2% was detected, with the highest prevalence in the synanthropic group (6.1%). C. molnari was identified in thirteen specimens from seven different host species. Zoonotic C. ubiquitum was detected in two European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). One isolate similar to C. scophthalmi was detected in a cultivated meagre (Argyrosomus regius), and one isolate, highly divergent from all the Cryptosporidium species/genotypes described, was identified from a synanthropic round sardinella (Sardinella aurita). This study contributes to increasing the molecular data on fish cryptosporidiosis, expanding the range of known hosts for C. molnari and identifying, for the first time, zoonotic C. ubiquitum in edible marine fishes, pointing out a potential health risk

Principales parásitos zoonóticos del jabalí (sus scrofa) en la comunidad valenciana. Una perspectiva One Health

Las transformaciones socioeconómicas acaecidas en Europa occidental durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX han conllevado el abandono de las actividades agroganaderas tradicionales, siendo el germen de cambios en la composición forestal y ocupación humana del entorno que han provocado el aumento de las poblaciones de ungulados. El jabalí (Sus scrofa) es el paradigma de esta tendencia, habiendo pasado a colonizar la totalidad de ecosistemas disponibles. Su expansión puede suponer oportunidades de desarrollo para el medio rural, pero conlleva una serie de riesgos que es necesario mitigar. Es una de las principales especies generadoras de daños a la agricultura, foco de dispersión de patologías al ganado y capitalizadora de accidentes viales. El incremento de sus poblaciones y distribución geográfica, su asentamiento en las proximidades de los núcleos habitados y el aumento de las tasas de consumo, son riesgos potenciales sobre la salud humana que es necesario analizar. Bajo esta última premisa, los esfuerzos se centraron en el estudio de las principales patologías parasitarias con potencialidad zoonósica del jabalí en el ámbito territorial de la Comunidad Valenciana, obteniendo muestras biológicas de 1718 ejemplares, prolongándose desde 2010 hasta 2021 y alcanzando la totalidad de las comarcas. Así, en el capítulo 4 se estudia la expansión geográfica del acantocéfalo Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus, consustancialmente al aumento de la distribución geográfica de su hospedador suido. En el periodo de 2010 a 2017 se analizaron 1486 jabalíes, obteniendo una prevalencia media de 20,7 % (IC 95 %, 18,6 -22,8; 307/1486). Se observó una tendencia creciente en el tiempo, tanto en el aumento de individuos afectados como en el número de comarcas que iban siendo afectadas, con una expansión progresiva hacia el este de la comunidad autónoma. Trichinella spp. es uno de los parásitos más conocidos de la especie objetivo y que más concienciación genera entre los potenciales consumidores de su carne, lo que justifica por sí mismo el interés en el conocimiento de su situación. El capítulo 5 muestra el estudio realizado entre 2010 y 2018, analizando muestras musculares de 1129 jabalíes y hallando un ejemplar positivo (1/1129; 0,09 %, IC 95 % 0,00- 0,5 %), con una intensidad de parasitación de 0,4 larvas por gramo de músculo. La sarna sarcóptica es una de las patologías más relevantes y ampliamente distribuidas en la fauna silvestre y, si bien el jabalí no parece especialmente susceptible, el capítulo 6 profundiza en el conocimiento de su situación epidemiológica y los condicionantes que expliquen su prevalencia. Se analizaron 419 sueros de jabalí obtenidos entre 2010 y 2021, detectando una prevalencia general de 10,5 % (44/419; IC 95 % 7,6-13,4 %). Se compararon diferentes factores epidemiológicos que pudiesen explicar diferencias en la seropositividad (etológicos, poblacionales e interespecíficos), detectando diferencias significativas en algunos de ellos. Los efectos del ser humano como modulador de enfermedad en el jabalí se analizan en el capítulo 7, donde se indaga en los factores que condicionan la prevalencia de Toxoplasma gondii en los suidos. 1003 jabalíes, muestreados entre 2010 y 2017 arrojaron un 14,1 % de positividad global (141/1003; IC 95 % 12,0-16,4 %). No obstante, las prevalencias no fueron homogéneas en la zona de estudio. Se analizaron diferentes factores que pudieran explicar estas diferencias, como climatología, densidad de jabalíes, densidad humana o distribución de las poblaciones humanas en el entorno. Se encontraron diferencias debidas a algunos de ellos, tanto ajenos a la influencia humana como directamente relacionados con ella. La popularización del jabalí como pieza de caza y el aumento de las ratios de consumo, suponen una situación de contacto estrecho que puede generar la transmisión de patógenos al ser humano. Entre enero de 2018 y febrero de 2020 se encuestó a cazadores radicados en el área de estudio a fin de evaluar la idoneidad de las prácticas higiénicas en la manipulación de los animales abatidos. Sobre una población objetivo de 36 829 licencias de caza en 2018, se obtuvieron 472 cuestionarios provenientes de 128 municipios (23,8 % de los que componen la autonomía). Los resultados muestran diferencias relevantes en el procesamiento higiénico según el sexo, edad y bagaje académico del manipulador. Al mismo tiempo, se detectaron importantes deficiencias en materias como el transporte de las piezas cazadas, el lapso muerte-faenado, gestión de los residuos generados y sobre el diseño y limpieza de las instalaciones. Estos resultados evidencian carencias de formación y situaciones de riesgo de transmisión de enfermedades y contaminación del medio. Ante los nuevos desafíos a los cuales se enfrenta el planeta, con estresores tales como el cambio climático, la globalización de patógenos, la fragmentación de hábitats o los cambios en los usos del suelo, es imprescindible estudiar la situación epidemiológica de la fauna silvestre e indagar en sus implicaciones sobre la sanidad humana, en el contexto de una sola salud

Complete snapshot Stokes polarimeter based on a single biaxial crystal

We propose a new complete snapshot Stokes polarimeter based on a single biaxial crystal. It presents different strengths (snapshot, complete polarimetric measurements, large data redundancy, and high sensitivity) in a simple and compact optical arrangement. The polarimeter is experimentally implemented and analyzed in terms of accuracy and repeatability

Snapshot Stokes Polarimeters Based on a Single Biaxial Crystal

We propose two different in-line optical schemes for the implementation of Biaxial Crystal (BC) based polarimeters. Unlike already existing BC polarimeters prototypes, our proposed architectures only require of a single BC and only one CCD camera, this leading to more feasible and cheaper prototypes. The first scheme is restricted to linear metrology and we provide its interest to be applied under low-intensity conditions. The second architecture is suitable for complete polarimetry, this being achieved by including an optical module to properly split and steer the input light. The BC polarimeters were implemented and tested by measuring different known input polarizations and we obtained excellent results in terms of accuracy and repeatability