Papel del péptido insulinotrópico dependiente de glucosa en la programación nutricional del síndrome metabólico

Early nutritional restriction has been associated with increased incidence of metabolic syndrome-associated pathologies in adulthood. However, the underlying mechanisms that determine the development of these diseases are not yet fully known. In the present work, we explored the relevance of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) in the development of these pathologies in a model of Wistar rats. Two groups of dams were fed ad libitum (C) or food-restricted (U) during pregnancy and suckling. At that time, rats were refed a high-fat diet (HFD; CHF and UHF) for 22 weeks. Both male and female UHF rats showed an obese phenotype characterized by hyperphagia, visceral fat accumulation and adipocyte hypertrophy, which was more pronounced than in CHF rats. Oral glucose tolerance tests showed that female UHF rats experienced glucose intolerance, insulin hypersecretion and an exacerbated GIP secretion. Administration of the GIP receptor antagonist, (Pro3)GIP, to UHF female rats markedly reduced visceral fat mass and adipocyte hypertrophy, and these changes were accompanied by improvement of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, the exacerbated production and secretion of GIP seems to represent the stimulus for insulin hypersecretion and insulin resistance shown by UHF female rats, suggesting that GIP may play a critical role in the development of metabolic disturbances related to nutritional rehabilitation.La restricción nutricional precoz ha sido asociada con una mayor incidencia de patologías relacionadas con el síndrome metabólico durante la edad adulta. Sin embargo, los mecanismos subyacentes que determinan el desarrollo de dichas patologías aún no se conocen en su totalidad. En el presente trabajo, se analizó el papel del péptido insulinotrópico dependiente de glucosa (GIP) en el desarrollo dichas patologías en un modelo de rata Wistar. Las ratas gestantes fueron alimentadas ad libitum (C) o sometidas a restricción nutricional (S) durante el embarazo y la lactancia, al final de la cual las crías fueron realimentadas con dieta grasa (CR, SR) durante 22 semanas. Tanto los machos como las hembras SR mostraron un fenotipo obesogénico caracterizado por hiperfagia, acumulación de grasa visceral e hipertrofia adipocitaria, de manera más pronunciada que la población CR. Los test de tolerancia oral a la glucosa mostraron que las hembras SR experimentaron intolerancia a la glucosa e hipersecreción de insulina y GIP. La administración del antagonista del receptor de GIP, (Pro3)GIP, a las hembras SR dio lugar a una significativa reducción del tejido adiposo y del tamaño adipocitario, junto a una mejora de la tolerancia a la glucosa y de la sensibilidad a la insulina. En conclusión, la exacerbada secreción de GIP parece representar el estímulo para la hipersecreción de insulina y el desarrollo de resistencia a la misma en las hembras SR, lo que sugiere que GIP jugaría un papel esencial en el desarrollo de alteraciones metabólicas asociadas a la rehabilitación nutricional

Aging in Male Wistar Rats Associates with Changes in Intestinal Microbiota, Gut Structure, and Cholecystokinin-Mediated Gut-Brain Axis Function

Aging in mammals is characterized by failure of the homeostatic mechanisms that regulate energy balance. Several mechanisms have been proposed such as the presence of a low-grade chronic inflammation in different tissues, as well as leptin and insulin resistance, but the primary alteration is not fully elucidated. The gut microbiota has recently emerged as a key player in a variety of metabolic and neurological disorders. A main concept in this context is the gut–brain axis that refers to alterations in the gut that mediate effects in the central nervous system, including those related with the control of energy balance. Using 16S rRNA analysis, we demonstrate that aged male Wistar rats have increased presence of mucin-degrading and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-producing bacteria. In addition, old animals exhibit a lower number of neutral mucin secreting goblet cells, and a decrease of tight junctions and adherens junctions marker proteins, zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) and β-catenin, respectively. These data are compatible with a thinner mucus layer and a weaker gut barrier in older animals that likely facilitate LPS leakage. Our data also show that cholecystokinin (CCK) satiating effect is impaired in aged rats, one of the expected effects of increased LPS leakage. In contrast, no overt signs of gut or systemic inflammation are observed. Changes in microbiota in old male Wistar rats present features of situations of increased adiposity, but different from those of obese animals. These could partly explain the increased adiposity and fat deposition in liver and heart as observed here.Spanish Government (grants BFU2008-04901-C03-01/BFI to J.M.C., BIO2016-76601-C3-2-R to M.F.-L., and RTI2018-094052-B-100 [MCI/AEI/FEDER, UE to A.M.V.] and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (Instituto de Salud Carlos III) and Comunidad de Madrid, Spain (grants S2010/BMD-2423 to J.M.C., F.E., L.G.G., and A.M.V. and S2017/BMD-3684 to F.E. and A.M.V.). C.R. was supported by a predoctoral aid from Spanish Government. The Centro de Biología Molecular is recipient of institutional aids from Banco de Santander and Ramón Areces Foundation

El trabajo por venir : autogestión y emancipación social

Prólogo 11. Capítulo 1. Trabajo y energía. El fin del capitalismo tal como lo conocemos 17. Elmar Altvater. Capítulo 2. La producción para el valor de uso. Los mercados para la sustentación de la vida. Autogestión y mercados 33. Luciana García Guerreiro. Producción y mercados para la vida: una posibilidad emancipadora para el siglo XXI 36. Norma Giarracca. Ejes de la economía indígena: La experiencia de Bolivia 42. Pilar Lizárraga. Producción y mercados desde la comunidad Kolla Tinkunaku 46. Abel Palacios. Los campos de experimentación: la Red de Comercio Justo del Movimiento de Campesinos de Córdoba 48. Natalia Aimar y Pamela Mackey. La globalización y el comercio justo 50. Juan Silva. Comercio Justo desde la Red Tacurú 54. Tamara Perelmuter. Comentarios 55. Capítulo 3. División del trabajo, jerarquía y tecnología. La ciencia como fraude del progreso 59. Andrés Carrasco. £Venimos del pasado o del futuro? 67. Toti Flores. Agronegocios y campesinado: dos sistemas en conflicto 72. Bernardo Mançano Fernandes. Desarrollo campesino y contrato social 76. Carlos Vacaflores. Agricultura, biodiversidad y conocimiento 80. Carlos Vicente. Capítulo 4. Organización laboral: £Qué eficiencia y para qué? Empresas recuperadas: algunos interrogantes Julián Rebón. Criterios de eficiencia y criterios de equidad 90. Miguel Teubal. Empresas recuperadas y políticas públicas 94. Héctor Palomino. Construir trabajo desde la carencia: El Frente Popular Darío Santillán 100. Nahuel Levalli. Gestión obrera y eficiencia. La experiencia de Fasinpat (ex Zanón) 105. Jorge Esparza. La eficiencia como cuestión política. La Asociación Nacional de Trabajadores. Autogestionados 111. Rufino Almeida. Los límites de la autonomía. El Hotel Bauen 114. Fabio Resino Capitulo 5. Ruinas emergentes. Solidaridad y Cooperación en la organización del trabajo. Las diferentes economías de Bolivia 119. Shirley Orozco Ramírez. Resistirse a la desaparición. La experiencia del pueblo mapuche 124. Chacho Liempe. Experiencias cooperativas en Europa y Argentina 136. Gurli Jacobsen. Cuando una cooperativa funciona. El caso CORPICO 142. José Brinati. Comentarios 144. Capítulo 6. Autogestión como desafío. Las Organizaciones autónomas Autonomía no es aislamiento. Reflexiones acerca de la situación actual de los movimientos sociales 151. Ana Esther Ceceña. Recuperar la autonomía es recuperar el Estado 157. Juan Carlos Gipi Fernández. La autogestión como éxodo. El MTD de Solano 169. Neka Jara. El trabajo libre contra la economía política 173. Raúl Zibechi. Bibliografía 180

El desarrollo en los campos formativos y competencias en la exploración y conocimiento del mundo

Licenciatura en Educació

Morphological and phylogenetic data do not support the split of <i>Alexandrium</i> into four genera

8 pages, 2 tablesA recently published study analyzed the phylogenetic relationship between the genera Centrodinium and Alexandrium, confirming an earlier publication showing the genus Alexandrium as paraphyletic. This most recent manuscript retained the genus Alexandrium, introduced a new genus Episemicolon, resurrected two genera, Gessnerium and Protogonyaulax, and stated that: “The polyphyly [sic] of Alexandrium is solved with the split into four genera”. However, these reintroduced taxa were not based on monophyletic groups. Therefore this work, if accepted, would result in replacing a single paraphyletic taxon with several non-monophyletic ones. The morphological data presented for genus characterization also do not convincingly support taxa delimitations. The combination of weak molecular phylogenetics and the lack of diagnostic traits (i.e., autapomorphies) render the applicability of the concept of limited use. The proposal to split the genus Alexandrium on the basis of our current knowledge is rejected herein. The aim here is not to present an alternative analysis and revision, but to maintain Alexandrium. A better constructed and more phylogenetically accurate revision can and should wait until more complete evidence becomes available and there is a strong reason to revise the genus Alexandrium. The reasons are explained in detail by a review of the available molecular and morphological data for species of the genera Alexandrium and Centrodinium. In addition, cyst morphology and chemotaxonomy are discussed, and the need for integrative taxonomy is highlightedSupport to DMA from the NOAA ECOHAB program (Grant #NA15NOS4780181) is gratefully acknowledged. Support to EG, AR, NS from the COPAs project (CTM2017-86121-R) is acknowledged. IGL and CJBS are COFFA-IPN and EDI-IPN fellowsWith the funding support of the ‘Severo Ochoa Centre of Excellence’ accreditation (CEX2019-000928-S), of the Spanish Research Agency (AEI)Peer reviewe