Crime and Society Protecting Society through Ensuring Rights of Suspects in Criminal Justice System

The successful balance of rights of the suspect against the rights of the victimand the society at large comprises the core of any criminal justice system. In the past,Sri Lanka‟s criminal justice system was organized on the basis of Penal Code, Code ofCriminal Procedure No. 15 of 1979 and the Departmental orders of the Police. PenalCode interpretscrimes and imposes penalties for each particular crime. Basically it is thesubstantial law. And the procedural side was introduced by the Code of CriminalProcedure, and such a code explains the basic mechanism the justice and lawenforcement institutions should comply with and it also provides the proper process.Recently we have seen Prevention of Terrorism Act and Emergency Regulations haveintervened with this procedure. This has resulted in the violation of rights of thesuspects.Therefore the author seeks to ascertain the nature in which suspects have beenaffected within criminal investigation, Process of Arrest and in period of Detaining bypolice officers. Furthermore it is intended to suggest improvements to the laws relatingto this area in order to minimize these types of violations to protect rights of suspectwithin criminal justice system. And also the author wishes to discuss this issue inrelation to recent case law and with legislative enactments. For better improvement ofour law, a comparative study with Laws in United Kingdom will be done.Consequently, considering the rights of suspects in criminal procedure we canexamine how their rights get violated in the process of Criminal investigation, Processin Arresting and in detaining periods by police officers.Key words: Suspects rights, Criminal justice, Investigation, Arrest, Detainin

Structural, elastic and thermal properties of cementite (Fe3_3C) calculated using Modified Embedded Atom Method

Structural, elastic and thermal properties of cementite (Fe$_3$C) were studied using a Modified Embedded Atom Method (MEAM) potential for iron-carbon (Fe-C) alloys. Previously developed Fe and C single element potentials were used to develop an Fe-C alloy MEAM potential, using a statistically-based optimization scheme to reproduce structural and elastic properties of cementite, the interstitial energies of C in bcc Fe as well as heat of formation of Fe-C alloys in L$_{12}$ and B$_1$ structures. The stability of cementite was investigated by molecular dynamics simulations at high temperatures. The nine single crystal elastic constants for cementite were obtained by computing total energies for strained cells. Polycrystalline elastic moduli for cementite were calculated from the single crystal elastic constants of cementite. The formation energies of (001), (010), and (100) surfaces of cementite were also calculated. The melting temperature and the variation of specific heat and volume with respect to temperature were investigated by performing a two-phase (solid/liquid) molecular dynamics simulation of cementite. The predictions of the potential are in good agreement with first-principles calculations and experiments.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figure

Quantifying tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte subsets : a practical immuno-histochemical method

Background: Efficient histological quantification of tumour-infiltrating T and B lymphocyte (TIL) subsets in archival tissues would greatly facilitate investigations of the role of TIL in human cancer biology. We sought to develop such a method. Methods: Ten ×40 digital images of 4 μ sections of 16 ductal invasive breast carcinomas immunostained for CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD20 were acquired (a total of 640 images). The number of pixels in each image matching a partition of Lab colour space corresponding to immunostained cells were counted using the ‘Color range’ and ‘Histogram’ tools in Adobe Photoshop 7. These pixel counts were converted to cell counts per mm2 using a calibration factor derived from one, two, three or all 10 images of each case/antibody combination. Results: Variations in the number of labelled pixels per immunostained cell made individual calibration for each case/antibody combination necessary. Calibration based on two fields containing the most labelled pixels gave a cell count minimally higher (+ 5.3%) than the count based on 10-field calibration, with 95% confidence limits − 14.7 to + 25.3%. As TIL density could vary up to 100-fold between cases, this accuracy and precision are acceptable. Conclusion: The methodology described offers sufficient accuracy, precision and efficiency to quantify the density of TIL sub-populations in breast cancer using commonly available software, and could be adapted to batch processing of image files

Exophiala jeanselmei causing subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis in a healthy adult in Sri Lanka: A case report

Phaeohyphomycosis is a chronic infection caused by filamentous dematiaceous fungi and it embraces a wide range of clinical presentations. Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis is caused by traumatic implantation of aetiological fungi in subcutaneous tissue and is usually reported in agricultural workers in the tropics. Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis presents with various skin manifestations and is often misdiagnosed by clinicians. Exophiala sp is a common aetiological agent of post traumatic subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis. We present a middle aged farmer who presented with a subcutaneous nodule in his dominant hand. This swelling was initially diagnosed as a ganglion but turned out to be an abscess caused by Exophiala jeanselmei and the patient was cured by complete surgical excision without antifungal therapy. This case report aims to contribute to knowledge on this uncommon entity, in order to help practitioners to correctly diagnose and treat subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis. </p

A Search for Sigma^0_5, N^0_5 and Theta^++ Pentaquark States

A high-resolution (sigma_instr. = 1.5 MeV) search for narrow states (Gamma < 10 MeV) with masses of M_x approx 1500-1850 MeV in ep -> e'K^+ X, e'K^- X and e' pi^+ X electroproduction at small angles and low Q^2 was performed. These states would be candidate partner states of the reported Theta^+(1540) pentaquark. No statistically significant signal was observed in any of the channels at 90% C.L. Upper limits on forward production were determined to be between 0.7% and 4.2% of the Lambda(1520) production cross section, depending on the channel and the assumed mass and width of the state.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figures, to appear in Phys. Rev. C, update with responses to referee suggestion

The ratio of proton's electric to magnetic form factors measured by polarization transfer

The ratio of the proton's elastic electromagnetic form factors was obtained by measuring the transverse and longitudinal polarizations of recoiling protons from the elastic scattering of polarized electrons with unpolarized protons. The ratio of the electric to magnetic form factor is proportional to the ratio of the transverse to longitudinal recoil polarizations. The ratio was measured over a range of four-momentum transfer squared between 0.5 and 3.5 GeV-squared. Simultaneous measurement of transverse and longitudinal polarizations in a polarimeter provides good control of the systematic uncertainty. The results for the ratio of the proton's electric to magnetic form factors show a systematic decrease with increasing four momentum squared, indicating for the first time a marked difference in the spatial distribution of charge and magnetization currents in the proton.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, version of paper after corrections due to referees comments and shortened by removing one figure for Physical Review Letter

Measurement of the Generalized Forward Spin Polarizabilities of the Neutron

The generalized forward spin polarizabilities $\gamma_0$ and $\delta_{LT}$ of the neutron have been extracted for the first time in a $Q^2$ range from 0.1 to 0.9 GeV$^2$. Since $\gamma_0$ is sensitive to nucleon resonances and $\delta_{LT}$ is insensitive to the $\Delta$ resonance, it is expected that the pair of forward spin polarizabilities should provide benchmark tests of the current understanding of the chiral dynamics of QCD. The new results on $\delta_{LT}$ show significant disagreement with Chiral Perturbation Theory calculations, while the data for $\gamma_0$ at low $Q^2$ are in good agreement with a next-to-lead order Relativistic Baryon Chiral Perturbation theory calculation. The data show good agreement with the phenomenological MAID model.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, corrected typo in author name, published in PR