338 research outputs found

    Workers’ Power and Intentional Learning among Non-managerial Workers : A 2004 Benchmark Survey

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    This paper explores relations of workers’ power, in terms of unionization and delegated workplace authority, with incidence of participation in adult education and job-related informal learning activities. Empirical analysis is based primarily on the first Canadian survey to document both aspects of workers’ power and both formal and informal learning. Prior inconsistent research on unionization and adult education is critically reviewed. The current study focuses on non-managerial employees between 25 and 64. The findings of this 2004 survey, as well as secondary analysis of other relevant surveys, confirm that union membership is consistently positively related to both participation in adult education and some informal learning topics. Delegated workplace authority also has positive effects on both adult education and some informal learning topics. While delegated workplace authority is not related to unionization, their positive effects on workers’ intentional learning are additive. Implications of these findings for further research and optimizing workplace learning are discussed.Cet essai examine les relations entre le pouvoir des travailleurs et leurs activitĂ©s d’apprentissage volontaires. Le pouvoir des travailleurs se dĂ©finit ici en termes d’autoritĂ© nĂ©gociĂ©e acquise par la syndicalisation et d’autoritĂ© dĂ©lĂ©guĂ©e par les employeurs pour participer Ă  la prise de dĂ©cision organisationnelle. L’apprentissage volontaire est perçu en termes de participation Ă  des cours formels d’éducation aux adultes aussi bien qu’en termes d’apprentissage informel liĂ© Ă  l’emploi. Il n’y a eu que trĂšs peu d’études thĂ©oriques ou empiriques sur la relation entre le pouvoir des travailleurs et l’acquisition de connaissances. Mais ce sujet devient hautement important quand on pense Ă  l’émergence publicisĂ©e de l’économie du savoir et au besoin supposĂ© d’une main-d’oeuvre plus instruite. L’hypothĂšse principale est Ă  l’effet que les travailleurs qui ont le plus de pouvoir dans les Ă©tablissements sont les plus en mesure de saisir les occasions de s’impliquer dans plusieurs aspects de l’apprentissage en milieu de travail.L’étude antĂ©rieure la plus pertinente Ă  notre sujet s’est intĂ©ressĂ©e aux relations entre la syndicalisation et la participation Ă  diverses activitĂ©s d’éducation aux adultes. Les conclusions des Ă©tudes antĂ©rieures sont rĂ©Ă©valuĂ©es et leur absence de cohĂ©rence est attribuable avant tout Ă  l’échantillonnage et aux diffĂ©rences au plan de la dĂ©finition des concepts. En rĂ©alitĂ©, il n’y a pas eu de recherche empirique antĂ©rieure sur l’autoritĂ© dĂ©lĂ©guĂ©e aux travailleurs sur les lieux de travail et sur l’apprentissage liĂ© Ă  l’activitĂ© de travail.L’analyse empirique effectuĂ©e ici est principalement basĂ©e sur une enquĂȘte canadienne sur l’activitĂ© de travail et la formation continue (voir ), la seule enquĂȘte Ă  ce jour Ă  se centrer sur l’éducation formelle et informelle des adultes. C’est une Ă©tude dĂ©taillĂ©e qui s’intĂ©resse Ă©galement au statut syndical et au rĂŽle de dĂ©cideur organisationnel. Les rĂ©sultats sont analysĂ©s en regard de ceux d’une enquĂȘte de l’annĂ©e 1998 portant sur l’éducation des adultes et l’apprentissage informel qui retenait aussi le statut syndical. L’analyse concerne des employĂ©s d’exĂ©cution dont l’ñge varie entre 25 et 64 ans. En plus de l’analyse de l’enquĂȘte canadienne sur l’activitĂ© de travail et la formation continue, nous avons aussi pris en compte des donnĂ©es provenant de l’EnquĂȘte sur l’éducation et la formation des adultes de Statistique Canada de 2003 ainsi que des enquĂȘtes pertinentes du Royaume-Uni et de la Californie.Ces analyses dĂ©montrent l’effet positif et rĂ©current de l’appartenance syndicale sur la participation Ă  l’éducation des adultes. La participation Ă  la prise de dĂ©cision organisationnelle exerce Ă©galement un effet positif et important sur la participation Ă  l’éducation des adultes. Peut-ĂȘtre, et c’est ce qui apparaĂźt le plus significatif, ces effets sont-ils cumulatifs : les membres des syndicats qui ont une dĂ©lĂ©gation d’autoritĂ© sur le lieu de travail prĂ©sentent les taux de participation les plus Ă©levĂ©s, alors que les membres non syndiquĂ©s sans autoritĂ© dĂ©lĂ©guĂ©e ont les taux les plus bas. Ces observations demeurent significatives lorsqu’on tient compte des variables telles que le degrĂ© atteint en Ă©ducation des adultes, l’ñge et d’autres variables de contrĂŽle.L’apprentissage spontanĂ© et volontaire est beaucoup plus rĂ©pandu que l’éducation formelle des adultes et Ă©chappe aux contraintes des relations de pouvoir institutionnel. Cependant, quelques aspects de l’apprentissage spontanĂ© sur le tas semblent entretenir une relation significative avec le pouvoir des travailleurs. Les membres d’un syndicat sont plus susceptibles de s’impliquer dans une activitĂ© d’apprentissage dont les enjeux sont la santĂ© et la sĂ©curitĂ© aussi bien que la politique interne, alors que ceux qui ont une fonction d’autoritĂ© dĂ©lĂ©guĂ©e sont plus susceptibles de s’adonner Ă  des activitĂ©s d’apprentissage liĂ©es Ă  l’acquisition d’habiletĂ©s managĂ©riales et organisationnelles; deux modĂšles qui sont tout Ă  fait prĂ©visibles en termes de dispositions faisant l’objet d’une nĂ©gociation avec le syndicat et en termes d’une prise de dĂ©cision de caractĂšre organisationnel. Mais l’appartenance syndicale et Ă©galement les fonctions liĂ©es Ă  une dĂ©lĂ©gation d’autoritĂ© sur les lieux de travail ont des effets positifs sur l’apprentissage informel qui consiste Ă  se tenir Ă  jour dans son domaine occupationnel, et ces effets sont cumulatifs. Les membres d’un syndicat qui exercent des fonctions d’autoritĂ© dĂ©lĂ©guĂ©e prĂ©sentent le taux de participation le plus Ă©levĂ© dans un effort de maintenir Ă  jour leurs connaissances en lien avec leur occupation.L’hypothĂšse de base d’une association positive entre le pouvoir des travailleurs et une plus grande propension Ă  l’apprentissage volontaire est en rĂšgle gĂ©nĂ©rale confirmĂ©e. Les implications de ces observations doivent ĂȘtre envisagĂ©es dans le contexte gĂ©nĂ©ral canadien d’un dĂ©clin de la densitĂ© syndicale et de l’augmentation de l’implication des travailleurs dans des formes limitĂ©es de prise de dĂ©cision organisationnelle, de mĂȘme qu’en tenant compte de l’insuffisance de donnĂ©es sur les changements rĂ©cents dans les taux de participation Ă  l’éducation des adultes chez les travailleurs non cadres. Les conclusions fondamentales de cette Ă©tude, tout comme les comparaisons internationales, laissent croire que dans les Ă©tablissements oĂč les syndicats sont bien accueillis et oĂč l’implication des travailleurs dans la prise de dĂ©cision organisationnelle est encouragĂ©e, l’apprentissage volontaire chez les travailleurs est susceptible d’atteindre un sommet. Ces conclusions fournissent des points de repĂšre pour l’éclosion d’études sur l’apprentissage sur le tas au moment oĂč le travail de traitement de l’information et la formation continue deviennent le noyau de la vie Ă©conomique.Este documento explora las relaciones de poder de los trabajadores, en tĂ©rminos de sindicalizaciĂłn y autoridad de los delegados de base, con la incidencia de participaciĂłn en la educaciĂłn de adultos y las actividades informales de aprendizaje relacionadas al trabajo. El anĂĄlisis empĂ­rico se basa principalmente en la primera encuesta canadiense que documenta los aspectos de poder laboral y aprendizaje formal e informal. El presente estudio focaliza los empleados de 25 a 64 años sin puesto directivo. Los resultados de esta encuesta efectuada en 2004, asĂ­ como los anĂĄlisis secundarios de otras encuestas pertinentes, confirman que la membrecĂ­a sindical esta consistentemente relacionada a la participaciĂłn a la educaciĂłn de adultos y a algunos tĂłpicos de aprendizaje informal. La autoridad de los delegados de base tiene tambiĂ©n efectos positivos sobre la educaciĂłn de adultos y sobre algunos tĂłpicos del aprendizaje informal. Aunque la autoridad de los delegados de base no estĂĄ relacionada a la sindicalizaciĂłn, su efecto positivo en el aprendizaje voluntario de los trabajadores es aditivo. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados para investigaciones ulteriores y para la optimizaciĂłn del aprendizaje en medio laboral

    High salt intake activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, amplifies the stress response, and alters tissue glucocorticoid exposure in mice

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    Aims: High salt intake is common and contributes to poor cardiovascular health. Urinary sodium excretion correlates directly with glucocorticoid excretion in humans and experimental animals. We hypothesized that high salt intake activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation and leads to sustained glucocorticoid excess. Methods and results: In male C57BL/6 mice, high salt intake for 2-8 weeks caused an increase in diurnal peak levels of plasma corticosterone. After 2 weeks, high salt increased Crh and Pomc mRNA abundance in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, consistent with basal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation. Additionally, high salt intake amplified glucocorticoid response to restraint stress, indicative of enhanced axis sensitivity. The binding capacity of Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin was reduced and its encoding mRNA downregulated in the liver. In the hippocampus and anterior pituitary, Fkbp5 mRNA levels were increased, indicating increased glucocorticoid exposure. The mRNA expression of the glucocorticoid-regenerating enzyme, 11ÎČ-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase Type 1, was increased in these brain areas and in the liver. Sustained high salt intake activated a water conservation response by the kidney, increasing plasma levels of the vasopressin surrogate, copeptin. Increased mRNA abundance of Tonebp and Avpr1b in the anterior pituitary suggested that vasopressin signalling contributes to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation by high salt diet. Conclusion: Chronic high salt intake amplifies basal and stress-induced glucocorticoid levels and resets glucocorticoid biology centrally, peripherally and within cells.</p

    Landscape science: a Russian geographical tradition

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    The Russian geographical tradition of landscape science (landshaftovedenie) is analyzed with particular reference to its initiator, Lev Semenovich Berg (1876-1950). The differences between prevailing Russian and Western concepts of landscape in geography are discussed, and their common origins in German geographical thought in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are delineated. It is argued that the principal differences are accounted for by a number of factors, of which Russia's own distinctive tradition in environmental science deriving from the work of V. V. Dokuchaev (1846-1903), the activities of certain key individuals (such as Berg and C. O. Sauer), and the very different social and political circumstances in different parts of the world appear to be the most significant. At the same time it is noted that neither in Russia nor in the West have geographers succeeded in specifying an agreed and unproblematic understanding of landscape, or more broadly in promoting a common geographical conception of human-environment relationships. In light of such uncertainties, the latter part of the article argues for closer international links between the variant landscape traditions in geography as an important contribution to the quest for sustainability

    Enhanced mitochondrial superoxide scavenging does not Improve muscle insulin action in the high fat-fed mouse

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    Improving mitochondrial oxidant scavenging may be a viable strategy for the treatment of insulin resistance and diabetes. Mice overexpressing the mitochondrial matrix isoform of superoxide dismutase (sod2(tg) mice) and/or transgenically expressing catalase within the mitochondrial matrix (mcat(tg) mice) have increased scavenging of O2(˙-) and H2O2, respectively. Furthermore, muscle insulin action is partially preserved in high fat (HF)-fed mcat(tg) mice. The goal of the current study was to test the hypothesis that increased O2(˙-) scavenging alone or in combination with increased H2O2 scavenging (mtAO mice) enhances in vivo muscle insulin action in the HF-fed mouse. Insulin action was examined in conscious, unrestrained and unstressed wild type (WT), sod2(tg), mcat(tg) and mtAO mice using hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps (insulin clamps) combined with radioactive glucose tracers following sixteen weeks of normal chow or HF (60% calories from fat) feeding. Glucose infusion rates, whole body glucose disappearance, and muscle glucose uptake during the insulin clamp were similar in chow- and HF-fed WT and sod2(tg) mice. Consistent with our previous work, HF-fed mcat(tg) mice had improved muscle insulin action, however, an additive effect was not seen in mtAO mice. Insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation in muscle from clamped mice was consistent with glucose flux measurements. These results demonstrate that increased O2(˙-) scavenging does not improve muscle insulin action in the HF-fed mouse alone or when coupled to increased H2O2 scavenging

    Assessing the reactivity of sodium alkyl-magnesiates towards quinoxaline : single electron transfer (SET) vs. nucleophilic alkylation processes

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    By exploring the reactivity of sodium butyl-magnesiate (1) supported by the bulky chelating silyl(bisamido) ligand {Ph2Si(NAr*)2}(2-) (Ar* = 2,6-iPr2-C6H3) towards Quinoxaline (Qx), the ability of this bimetallic system to effectively promote SET processes has been disclosed. Thus 1 executes the single-electron reduction of Qx affording complex (2) whose structure in the solid state contains two quinaxolyl radical anions Qx˙ stabilised within a dimeric magnesiate framework. Combining multinuclear NMR and EPR measurements with DFT calculations, new insights into the constitution of 2 in solution and its magnetic behaviour have been gained. Further evidence on the SET reactivity of 1 was found when it was reacted with nitroxyl radical TEMPO which furnished contacted ion pair sodium magnesiate [(Ph2Si(NAr*)2)Mg(TEMPO(-))Na(THF)3] (4) where both metals are connected by an alkoxide bridge, resulting from reduction of TEMPO. The role that the different ligands present in 1 can play in these new SET reactions has also been assessed. Using an amination approach, the Bu group in 1 can be replaced by the more basic amide TMP allowing the isolation of (3) which was characterised by multinuclear NMR and X-ray crystallography. (1)H NMR monitoring of the reaction of 3 with Qx showed its conversion to 2, leaving the hydrogen atoms of the heterocycle untouched. Contrastingly, using sodium homoalkyl magnesiate [NaMg(CH2SiMe3)3] (5) led to the chemoselective C2 alkylation of this heterocycle, suggesting that the presence of the steric stabiliser {Ph2Si(NAr*)2}(2-) on the mixed-metal reagent is required in order to facilitate the Qx reduction

    Diel surface temperature range scales with lake size

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    Ecological and biogeochemical processes in lakes are strongly dependent upon water temperature. Long-term surface warming of many lakes is unequivocal, but little is known about the comparative magnitude of temperature variation at Diel timescales, due to a lack of appropriately resolved data. Here we quantify the pattern and magnitude of Diel temperature variability of surface waters using high-frequency data from 100 lakes. We show that the near-surface Diel temperature range can be substantial in summer relative to long-term change and, for lakes smaller than 3 km2, increases sharply and predictably with decreasing lake area. Most small lakes included in this study experience average summer Diel ranges in their near-surface temperatures of between 4 and 7°C. Large Diel temperature fluctuations in the majority of lakes undoubtedly influence their structure, function and role in biogeochemical cycles, but the full implications remain largely unexplored

    Measurement of the cosmic ray spectrum above 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV using inclined events detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory

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    A measurement of the cosmic-ray spectrum for energies exceeding 4×10184{\times}10^{18} eV is presented, which is based on the analysis of showers with zenith angles greater than 60∘60^{\circ} detected with the Pierre Auger Observatory between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2013. The measured spectrum confirms a flux suppression at the highest energies. Above 5.3×10185.3{\times}10^{18} eV, the "ankle", the flux can be described by a power law E−γE^{-\gamma} with index Îł=2.70±0.02 (stat)±0.1 (sys)\gamma=2.70 \pm 0.02 \,\text{(stat)} \pm 0.1\,\text{(sys)} followed by a smooth suppression region. For the energy (EsE_\text{s}) at which the spectral flux has fallen to one-half of its extrapolated value in the absence of suppression, we find Es=(5.12±0.25 (stat)−1.2+1.0 (sys))×1019E_\text{s}=(5.12\pm0.25\,\text{(stat)}^{+1.0}_{-1.2}\,\text{(sys)}){\times}10^{19} eV.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO
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