Molecular biomarkers and toxic consequences of impact by organic pollution in aquatic organisms

Organic contaminants are readily bioaccumulated by aquatic organisms. Exposure to and toxic effects of contaminants can be measured in terms of the biochemical responses of the organisms (i.e. molecular biomarkers). The hepatic biotransformation enzyme cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) in vertebrates is specifically induced by organic contaminants such as aromatic hydrocarbons, PCBs and dioxins, and is involved in chemical carcinogenesis via catalysis of the covalent binding of organic contaminants to DNA (DNA-adducts). Hepatic CYP1A induction has been used extensively and successfully as a biomarker of organic contaminant exposure in fish. Fewer but equally encouraging studies in fish have used hepatic bulky, hydrophobic DNA-adducts as biomarkers of organic contaminant damage. Much less is known of the situation in marine invertebrates, but a CYPlA-like enzyme with limited inducibility and some potential for biomarker application is indicated. Stimulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production is another potential mechanism of organic contaminant-mediated DNA and other damage in aquatic organisms. A combination of antioxidant (enzymes, scavengers) and pro-oxidant (oxidised DNA bases, lipid peroxidation) measurements may have potential as a biomarker of organic contaminant exposure (particularly those chemicals which do not induce CYP1A) and/or oxidative stress, but more studies are required. Both CYP1A- and ROS-mediated toxicity are indicated to result in higher order deleterious effects, including cancer and other aspects of animal fitness

Conservation Value and Permeability of Neotropical Oil Palm Landscapes for Orchid Bees

The proliferation of oil palm plantations has led to dramatic changes in tropical landscapes across the globe. However, relatively little is known about the effects of oil palm expansion on biodiversity, especially in key ecosystem-service providing organisms like pollinators. Rapid land use change is exacerbated by limited knowledge of the mechanisms causing biodiversity decline in the tropics, particularly those involving landscape features. We examined these mechanisms by undertaking a survey of orchid bees, a well-known group of Neotropical pollinators, across forest and oil palm plantations in Costa Rica. We used chemical baits to survey the community in four regions: continuous forest sites, oil palm sites immediately adjacent to forest, oil palm sites 2km from forest, and oil palm sites greater than 5km from forest. We found that although orchid bees are present in all environments, orchid bee communities diverged across the gradient, and community richness, abundance, and similarity to forest declined as distance from forest increased. In addition, mean phylogenetic distance of the orchid bee community declined and was more clustered in oil palm. Community traits also differed with individuals in oil palm having shorter average tongue length and larger average geographic range size than those in the forest. Our results indicate two key features about Neotropical landscapes that contain oil palm: 1) oil palm is selectively permeable to orchid bees and 2) orchid bee communities in oil palm have distinct phylogenetic and trait structure compared to communities in forest. These results suggest that conservation and management efforts in oil palm-cultivating regions should focus on landscape features.This work was supported by a Hosteling International-Austin Travel Fellowship (http://www.hiusa.org/austin) and a grant from the Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution and Behavior at the University of Texas (http://www.biosci.utexas.edu/graduate/ee​b/default.aspx) to GL. GL was supported by a US National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Integrative BiologyEmail: [email protected]

Midwifery in general practice

In considering a large number of cases the question at once arises. what method of classification is to be followed, and how are the particular cases reported in full to be selected? A mere chronological history of the cases would be wearisome and uninteresting. It is perhaps natural that the early lecture room method of considering the subject should suggest itself as the most suitable for the purpose in view. I therefore propose to group my cases under:I. Normal Labours: 1. Unaided 2. Membranes artificially ruptured. 3. Forceps. 4. Grave complications in Puerperium, Puerperal Insanity.II . Praeternatural Labours : 1. Pelvic. 2. Transverse.III. Complex Labours.: 1. Placenta Praevi a . 2. Retained Placenta. 3.. Eclampsia.IV. Foetal Complications: 1. Prolapse of Cord. 2. Twins. 3. Anerz.cephalus

George Herbert Livingston ARC1986 -012 - Finding Aid

https://place.asburyseminary.edu/findingaids/1023/thumbnail.jp

Spatial clustering of twig-nesting ants corresponds with metacommunity assembly processes

El concepto de metacomunidad y sus modelos asociados están pobremente integrados en el campo de la ecología de paisaje. Una manera de promover una síntesis es identificar situaciones en donde modelos específicos de metacomunidad correspondan a patrones específicos y explícitos en la distribución de comunidades a través del espacio. Exploramos esta posible relación usando un mapeo de las comunidades de hormigas que anidan en cafetos en un agroecosistema de café en el sur de México. Trabajos previos han demostrado que el modelo de ordenamiento de especies predomina para especies comunes y el de efecto de masa para especies raras. Estudiamos si los patrones diferenciales de la agrupación espacial entre las especies dominantes y subdominantes corresponden a un modelo de ordenamiento de especies y de efecto de masa, respectivamente. Encontramos una agrupación significativa entre las especies subdominantes en dos de los seis sitios y no agrupación entre los dominantes. A nivel de especie, observamos una agrupación significativa en 23% de los casos. Estos resultados sustentan parcialmente nuestra hipótesis y pueden ser explicado mecánicamente por la hipótesis intersticial; por lo cual, las especies subdominantes persisten en ‘aberturas’ entre las especies dominantes. Al examinar a nuestro nivel de escala espacial, no encontramos sustento para la hipótesis de mosaico en hormigas. Nuestros resultados sugieren que más estudios vinculando a modelos de metacomunidad con patrones espaciales específicos y explícitos pueden aportar conocimientos sobre patrones y procesos relacionados en paisajes.The metacommunity concept and associated models are poorly integrated with the field of landscape ecology. One way to promote synthesis is to identify situations in which specific metacommunity models correspond to specific and explicit spatial patterns in the distribution of communities across space. We explore this possible link using mapped communities of twig-nesting ants on coffee plants from a plantation in southern Mexico. Previous work has shown species sorting to predominate among common species and mass effects among rare species. We test whether differential patterns of spatial clustering among dominant and subdominant ant species correspond to a species sorting and mass effects model, respectively. We find significant clustering among subdominant species in two of six sites and no clustering among dominants. At the species level, significant clustering was observed in 23% of cases. These results partially support our hypothesis and may be explained mechanistically by the interstitial hypothesis, whereby rare species persist in “gaps” among dominants. At the spatial scales we examined, we found no support for the ant-mosaic. Our results suggest further study linking metacommunity models to specific and explicit spatial patterns may yield insights on pattern and process relationships in landscapes

Effects of Heavy Metals on Benthic Macroinvertebrates in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru

Glacial retreat as a result of global climate change is causing ongoing alterations in the hydrogeochemistry of streams in the glacial foreland of the Cordillera Blanca mountain range in Ancash, Peru. Changes in water chemistry include increased concentrations of toxic metals and decreased pH, which have the potential to affect the structure of benthic macroinvertebrate communities in impacted streams. This study measured physical-chemical water quality parameters, metal concentrations, and macroinvertebrate abundances at 29 sample reaches throughout seven valleys located in Huascaran National Park. The relationships of invertebrate abundances and metrics of community structure to water quality parameters, including metal concentrations, were analyzed by non-parametric correlation. Several sensitive local taxa were identified, including the Baetidae, Heptageniidae, Helodidae, and Tabanidae families, as well as the Oligochaeta. In addition, a regional source analysis was conducted for toxic metals, which found six of seven consistently detected metals share a common source. Finally, an analysis of the cumulative criterion unit (CCU) was performed; CCU, an approach to metal mixture toxicity, can be calculated either on the basis of total or dissolved metals. Previous studies in the region used total metal concentrations. Invertebrate abundances and metrics correlated about as well or slightly better, in general, with CCU computed on the basis of dissolved metals as they did with CCU computed with total metals

Disparities in Health-Related Quality of Life among Adolescent and Young Adult (AYA) Cancer Survivors

https://openworks.mdanderson.org/sumexp22/1067/thumbnail.jp

Rethinking fast and slow processing in autism

Following the popularity of dual process models in social and cognitive psychology, there is major interest in the possibility that autism is associated with impaired “fast” intuitive thinking but enhanced “slow” or “rational” deliberative thinking. If correct, this has great potential to help understand various strengths and difficulties characteristic of autism. Previous empirical investigations of this phenomenon, however, are marred by concerns about the measurement of intuitive and deliberative processing, as well as broader problems in clinical psychological science (e.g., small underpowered studies, lack of replication). Making a step change, we conducted four large-scale studies to examine dual processing in autism, including a preregistered comparison of 200 autistic and nonautistic adults. Participants completed contemporary cognitive and self-report measures of intuitive and deliberative processing, as well as a psychometrically robust measure of general cognitive ability. Except for lower self-reported intuitive thinking, we found no unique contributions of autism to intuitive or deliberative thinking across all four studies, as evidenced by frequentist and Bayesian analyses. Overall, these studies indicate that intuitive and deliberative thinking is neither enhanced nor particularly impaired in relation to autism. We deliberate on the implications of these findings for theories of autism and future investigation of strengths and difficulties in autistic people