3,997 research outputs found
Compared Insights on Machine-Learning Anomaly Detection for Process Control Feature
Anomaly detection is becoming increasingly significant in industrial cyber security, and different machine-learning algorithms have been generally acknowledged as various effective intrusion detection engines to successfully identify cyber attacks. However, different machine-learning algorithms may exhibit their own detection effects even if they analyze the same feature samples. As a sequence, after developing one feature generation approach, the most effective and applicable detection engines should be desperately selected by comparing distinct properties of each machine-learning algorithm. Based on process control features generated by directed function transition diagrams, this paper introduces five different machine-learning algorithms as alternative detection engines to discuss their matching abilities. Furthermore, this paper not only describes some qualitative properties to compare their advantages and disadvantages, but also gives an in-depth and meticulous research on their detection accuracies and consuming time. In the verified experiments, two attack models and four different attack intensities are defined to facilitate all quantitative comparisons, and the impacts of detection accuracy caused by the feature parameter are also comparatively analyzed. All experimental results can clearly explain that SVM (Support Vector Machine) and WNN (Wavelet Neural Network) are suggested as two applicable detection engines under differing cases
Two-timescale Beamforming Optimization for Intelligent Reflecting Surface Aided Multiuser Communication with QoS Constraints
Intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) is an emerging technology that is able
to reconfigure the wireless channel via tunable passive signal reflection and
thereby enhance the spectral and energy efficiency of wireless networks
cost-effectively. In this paper, we study an IRS-aided multiuser multiple-input
single-output (MISO) wireless system and adopt the two-timescale (TTS)
transmission to reduce the signal processing complexity and channel training
overhead as compared to the existing schemes based on the instantaneous channel
state information (I-CSI), and at the same time, exploit the multiuser channel
diversity in transmission scheduling. Specifically, the long-term passive
beamforming is designed based on the statistical CSI (S-CSI) of all links,
while the short-term active beamforming is designed to cater to the I-CSI of
all users' reconfigured channels with optimized IRS phase shifts. We aim to
minimize the average transmit power at the access point (AP), subject to the
users' individual quality of service (QoS) constraints. The formulated
stochastic optimization problem is non-convex and difficult to solve since the
long-term and short-term design variables are complicatedly coupled in the QoS
constraints. To tackle this problem, we propose an efficient algorithm, called
the primal-dual decomposition based TTS joint active and passive beamforming
(PDD-TJAPB), where the original problem is decomposed into a long-term problem
and a family of short-term problems, and the deep unfolding technique is
employed to extract gradient information from the short-term problems to
construct a convex surrogate problem for the long-term problem. The proposed
algorithm is proved to converge to a stationary solution of the original
problem almost surely. Simulation results are presented which demonstrate the
advantages and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm as compared to benchmark
schemes.Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures, accepted by IEEE Transactions on Wireless
communication
Cold Storage Effects on Fitness of the Whitefly Parasitoids Encarsia sophia and Eretmocerus hayati
Successful biological control of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci involves the mass rearing of biocontrol agents in large numbers for field release. Cold storage of the biocontrol agents is often necessary to provide a sufficient number of biocontrol agents during an eventual pest outbreak. In this study, the fitness of two whitefly parasitoids Encarsia sophia Girault and Dodd (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and Eretmocerus hayati Zolnerowich and Rose (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was evaluated under fluctuating cold storage temperatures. The emergence rate of old pupae of either species was not affected when stored at 12, 10, 8 and 6 °C for 1 week. Cold storage had no effect on the longevity of the emerging adult En. sophia except young pupae stored at 4 °C, while Er. hayati was negatively affected after 2 weeks of storage time at all temperatures. Parasitism by adults emerging from older pupae stored at 12 °C for 1 week was equivalent to the control. Combined with the results for the emergence time, we suggest that the old pupal stage of En. sophia and Er. hayati could be stored at 12 and 10 °C, respectively (transferred every 22 h to 26 ± 1 °C for 2 h), for 1 week, with no or little adverse effect.National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (31672087); National Key Research and Development Project of China (2017YFC1200600, 2016YFC1201200); International Science & Technology Cooperation Program of China (2015DFG32300); Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (KQTD20180411143628272)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
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