Konstytucyjna zasada ochrony środowiska jako dyrektywa w procesie stanowienia programu rozwoju obszarów wiejskich

The environment is a value and subject of constitutional protection in Poland. Ensuring environmental protection is considered as a political principle in the national doctrine, and due to the editorial location of its source in Article 5 of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland, it is considered as one of the objectives of Polish statehood. In several places, the Basic Law refers to the issue of the environment, considering it an important value and entrusting its care not only to public authorities, but also to anyone who is subject to Polish state authority. Examining whether contemporary instruments of agricultural law, in particular those developed with the participation of Polish state authorities in the application of the mechanisms of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, take into account constitutional directives derived from the principle of environmental protection and whether the effects of these activities are verified in the light of the constitutional model is an interesting academic question. The subject of detailed analysis in this study is the rural development programme (RDP) referred to in Article 6 of the Regulation (EU) No. 1305/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 on support for rural development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD) and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No. 1698/2005. The author demonstrates that the constitutional principle of environmental protection was respected by Polish public authorities in the process of creating an important and high-budget instrument for conducting development policy, which is the RDP for the years 2014–2020.Środowisko jest wartością i przedmiotem ochrony konstytucyjnej w Polsce. Zapewnienie ochrony środowiska uznaje się w krajowej doktrynie za zasadę ustrojową, a ze względu na redakcyjne usytuowanie jej źródła już w art. 5 Konstytucji RP uważane jest za jeden z celów państwowości polskiej. Ustawa zasadnicza w kilku miejscach odnosi się do kwestii środowiska, uznając je za istotną wartość, a troskę o nie powierza nie tylko władzom publicznym, lecz także każdemu, kto podlega polskiej władzy państwowej. Interesującym zagadnieniem naukowym jest zbadanie, czy współczesne instrumenty prawa rolnego, w szczególności kształtowane przy udziale polskich władz państwowych w ramach stosowania mechanizmów Wspólnej Polityki Rolnej Unii Europejskiej, uwzględniają konstytucyjne dyrektywy wywodzone z zasady ochrony środowiska oraz czy efekty tych działań poddają weryfikacji w świetle konstytucyjnego wzorca. Przedmiotem szczegółowej analizy w niniejszym opracowaniu jest program rozwoju obszarów wiejskich (PROW), o którym mowa w art. 6 rozporządzenia Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) nr 1305/2013 z dnia 17 grudnia 2013 r. w sprawie wsparcia rozwoju obszarów wiejskich przez Europejski Fundusz Rolny na rzecz Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich (EFRROW) i uchylającego rozporządzenie Rady (WE) nr 1698/2005. Autor dowodzi, że konstytucyjna zasada ochrony środowiska została poszanowana przez polskie władze publiczne w procesie tworzenia ważnego i wysokobudżetowego instrumentu prowadzenia polityki rozwoju, jakim jest PROW na lata 2014–2020

Modelo polaco de implementación de la política de desarrollo rural de la Unión Europea

The study analyses Polish legal solutions aimed at the implementation of new ways of EU support in the agricultural sector and the development of rural areas, from which a specific concept was formed for the processing and execution of applications submitted by applicants, providing them with specific legal position in the course of the procedures. The author, analysing the subject, pointed out that the tasks and implementation of the main instruments of the Common Agricultural Policy were entrusted to specific administrative entities operating, inter alia, in the form of state legal entities (government agencies), associations and foundations; as well as that the parties to the procedure were deprived, by virtue of the provisions establishing the rules and mode of granting aid, of the rights resulting from the principles of the Administrative Procedure Act. The conclusions, accompanied by critical comments, were concluded with de lege ferenda proposals aimed at reforming the Polish institutional and procedural model of implementation of CAP instruments in the new financial perspectives for 2021-2027.El estudio analiza las soluciones jurídicas polacas destinadas a la implementación de las nuevas formas de ayuda de la Unión Europea en el sector agrícola y al desarrollo de las zonas rurales, a partir de las cuales se forma un concepto específico del tramitación y ejecución de las solicitudes presentadas por los candidatos, otorgándoles una posición jurídica atípica en el curso de los procedimientos. El autor, analizando el tema, señala que las tareas y la implementación de los principales instrumentos de la Política Agrícola Común fueron encomendadas a entidades administrativas específicas que operan, entre otras cosas, en forma de personas jurídicas estatales (agencias gubernamentales), asociaciones y fundaciones; así como que las partes en el procedimiento fueron privadas, en virtud de las disposiciones que establecen las normas y el modo de otorgamiento de las ayudas, de los derechos resultantes de los principios de la Ley de procedimiento administrativo. Las conclusiones, acompañadas de comentarios críticos, son terminadas con propuestas de lege ferenda destinadas a reformar el modelo institucional y procesal polaco de implementación de los instrumentos de la PAC en las nuevas perspectivas financieras para 2021-2027

The National Support Centre for Agriculture as the Trustee of Agricultural Property Stock of the State Treasury in Poland

On 1 September 2017, the National Support Centre for Agriculture was established and appointed to serve as the Trustee of the Agricultural Property Stock of the State Treasury in Poland. This study profiles the legal relationship of the trust and points out its specifics in reference to state-owned agricultural property. The article includes an evaluation of the assumed legal solutions for the National Support Centre for Agriculture and compares them to the operations of the abolished Agricultural Property Agency

Breast cancer in young women

Breast cancer (BC) in young women is rare, affecting only 4–6% of women under the age of 40. Regardless, BC remains the most common malignancy among younger patients. Recently, a significant increase in BC rates has been observed among pre-menopausal subjects. Breast cancer in young women requires special attention due to its specific morphologic and prognostic characteristics and unique aspects, including fertility preservation and psychosocial issues (e.g. its impact on family life and career). Young women are more likely to have tumors with higher incidence of negative clinicopathologic features (higher histological grade, more lymph node positivity, lower estrogen receptor (ER) positivity, higher rates of Her2/neu overexpression). Also, they tend to be diagnosed at more advanced stages of the disease. That, in turn, contributes to less favorable prognosis as compared to older women. Young women are generally treated similarly to older patients. Surgical management includes mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery, followed by radiation therapy (younger women have higher local recurrence rates than older women, especially after breast-conserving therapy). Although the basics of chemotherapy are the same for patients of all ages, younger women have some special considerations. It is important to consider options for fertility preservation before starting systemic treatment. Patients should have access to genetic testing as their results may affect the choice of therapy. Younger women and their families should receive adequate psychological support and counselling

Blood lactate concentrations after losing or winning a boxing match in junior athletes

Publisher Copyright: © ARCHIVES OF BUDO.Bacground and Study Aim: A three-round, refereed boxing bout (3 x 3 min.) with one-minute breaks is an exercise with a high proportion of anaerobic metabolism. Weight category-dependent differences in the concentration of the metabolite studied have been reported (the highest intensity of the fight is in the medium categories). There are few studies of the metabolic response in athletes who won and lost their first or subsequent bouts. There is a lack of publications reporting on the exercise metabolism of both opponents of a fought bout with respect to different weight categories. The aim of this study is to know the post-exercise blood lactate concentrations in pairs of opponents, one of whom wins and the other loses the same three-round fight. Material and Methods: The study was conducted during the Polish Junior Boxing Championships in different categories: 49kg, n = 4; 52kg-2; 56kg-4; 60kg-4; 64kg-2; 69kg-2; 69kg-2; 75kg-4; 81kg, 4; 91kg-4. In the fifth minute after the end of the first fight, capillary blood was collected under aseptic conditions from both fighters from the earlobe using disposable automatic lancets into heparinised glass capillaries, from where the material was transferred directly to the DR-LANGE analyser, Germany. A total of 60 athletes were tested (30 who won and 30 who lost bouts). The normal distribution of results in both sub-groups mandated the use of parametric statistical tests. Results: Conclusions: There was not a single fight interrupted by the ring judge, as none of the fighters tested were knocked out. The mean La concentration expressed in mmol/L (mM) was 12.9 ±3.4 with a range of 7.1 to 21.4 in the winners, and 12.4 ±2.8 with a range of 6.0 to 17.8. There were no significant differences between these averages. A significant correlation coefficient, r = 0.408, was noted between La and body weight in the losers’ and winners’ groups. Post-fight lactate (La) concentrations in junior boxers fall within a fairly wide concentration range, which may indicate significant variation in physical activity throughout the fight between the two opponents and differences in their aerobic capacity. There are no differences in mean La between the winners and losers. The positive correlation of La in the blood and body weight of the losing and winning boxers is evidence of a similar intensity of exertion of the two opponents at identical times, so this indicator cannot serve as an argument to explain the reason for the outcome of the boxing fight (losing ÷ winning).Peer reviewe

The impact of an intensive alpine skiing course on the ability to optimally use the muscle strength of physical education students

Alpine skiing is a physical activity that stimulates (develops and maintains) primarily coordination skills, mainly the balance of the body, and also ability to kinaesthetic differentiation. An innovative method of measuring the ability to optimally use the muscle strength (AOUMS) of lower limbs is recommended. The purpose of this study is to answer the question whether students after the alpine skiing course will improve ability to optimally use the muscle strength of lower limbs.Peer reviewe

Body composition and knowledge about a healthy lifestyle of selected combat sport athletes

Introduction. Nowadays, the level of physical condition as well as the proper composition of the body gains special importance in terms of proper psychomotor development of children and adolescents. The aim of this research was to obtain knowledge about body tissue composition and selected elements of a healthy lifestyle of combat sports athletes. Materials and methods. The study group consisted of 21 taekwondo athletes. The age of the respondents was 17-18.5 years, training experience M=5.2 years, body height M=175.05 cm and body weight M=71.9. The tool that was used to assess the body composition was the BCA Tanita 545N device and a specially constructed interview questionnaire regarding information on a healthy lifestyle. Results. in the body composition of combat sports athletes, it was found that both partial results and averages are at an adequate level for combat sports athletes to systematic training. Conclusion. It was observed that all individual results of the subjects diagnosed with the BCA Tanita 545 N device are correct and fall within the norms of physically active people, such as people training combat sports. This proves the application of the principles of a healthy lifestyle. We can say that the level of knowledge of taekwondo athletes about a healthy lifestyle is high, because they are able to make a diagnosis, interpret the results and, in the case of values outside the health norm, use a repair algorithm in a professional sense.Peer reviewe

Professional competences of personal trainers

Background and Study Aim: The concept of professional competences is defined in many ways. In the area of physical activity (as a sphere of practice and sports science as research exploration), this concept is understood in two ways, both as a range of rights to perform certain roles, certified by a document authorizing to deal with a given specialty, and as a range of specific knowledge, skills and attitudes, thanks to which the individual effectively achieves the assumed goals with the help of educational interactions. The aim of this study is the knowledge about professional competences of people conducting personal training. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 62 person who have been personal trainer for at least 3 years. Specially designed interview questionnaire "Professional competences of trainers in selected sports and physical recreation disciplines" was used to examine professional competences. Results: In the opinion of the vast majority of respondents, the most useful universal features in the work of a personal trainer turned out to be the ability to create an appropriate atmosphere in class, communication skills and kindness towards other people. All respondents agreed that 9 detailed variables were equally important. In addition, it was observed that almost of the respondents declare motor predispositions (motor skills), including motor coordination and a high level of other motor features as components of vocational preparation, as significant skills. Conclusions: A general tendency was that being a personal trainer is not limited only to the subject of fitness or strength classes, but to deepening your knowledge also in other thematic areas, including medical knowledge. The respondents also declared that they lead a healthy lifestyle manifested, among others, by in active spending of free time in the air, eating specially composed and regularly consumed meals and taking advantage of selected forms of biological regeneration.Peer reviewe

O wybranych problemach dotyczących zakresu wyłączeń spod nowego reżimu prawnego obrotu nieruchomościami rolnymi w Polsce

On 14 April 2016, the Polish Parliament adopted the Act on suspending the sales of properties from the Agricultural Property Stock of the State Treasury and amending several other acts. By doing so, it decided to materially amend the Act on shaping of the agricultural system of 11 April 2003 that had been effective by that time, by founding a new, strict regime of trading in agricultural property in Poland that came into force as of 30 April 2016. Already upon drafting the new legal solutions, a number of remarks and reservations were made in the public debate and during the consultation process. It was pointed out that once it becomes effective, the bill considered by the Parliament would actually “freeze” agricultural property transactions in Poland, become a threat to execution of the right to inherit, and undermine the right ongoing interests initiated by law entities. These were some of the reasons why, in the course of legislative proceedings, the legislator decided to apply exclusions from the new legal regulations concerning trading in agricultural property. The objective of this article is to identify and characterise selected exclusions applied by the legislator, as well as to explain uncertainties related to interpretation with regards to legal norm hypotheses that specify the application scope of the implemented legal solutions.Uchwalając ustawę z dnia 14 kwietnia 2016 r. o wstrzymaniu sprzedaży nieruchomości Zasobu Własności Rolnej Skarbu Państwa oraz o zmianie niektórych innych ustaw, parlament zdecydował o wprowadzeniu do dotychczas obowiązującej regulacji – ustawy z dnia 11 kwietnia 2003 r. o kształtowaniu ustroju rolnego – istotnych zmian, ustanawiających z dniem 30 kwietnia 2016 r. nowy, rygorystyczny reżim obrotu nieruchomościami rolnymi w Polsce. Jeszcze na etapie projektowania nowych rozwiązań prawnych dochodziło w debacie publicznej oraz w procesie konsultacji do zgłaszania uwag i zastrzeżeń, ze wskazaniem, że procedowany w parlamencie projekt ustawy po wejściu w życie „zamrozi” w istocie obrót nieruchomościami rolnymi w Polsce, zagrozi realizacji prawa dziedziczenia i zniweczy słuszne interesy w toku, podjęte przez podmioty prawa. Między innymi z tych względów ustawodawca w trakcie postępowania legislacyjnego zdecydował się na zastosowanie wyłączeń spod nowych zasad obrotu gruntami rolnymi. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja i charakterystyka zastosowanych przez ustawodawcę wybranych wyłączeń oraz próba wyjaśnienia wątpliwości wykładniczych dotyczących hipotez norm prawnych określających zakres stosowania wprowadzonych rozwiązań prawnych