Place-Names in Shakespeare\u27s Grand Design for the Henry VI Plays

The Henry VI plays of Shakespeare are among his earliest and first of his English history cycle. In them occur a profusion of topographical references which add an imaginative geographical dimension to the panorama of English history: the power struggle between the contending factions of Lancaster and York, the battles with France in the Hundred Years\u27 War, and the internal upheaval of the Cade revolt

Arginine-rich peptides destabilize the plasma membrane, consistent with a pore formation translocation mechanism of cell penetrating peptides

Recent molecular dynamics simulations (Herce and Garcia, PNAS, 104: 20805 (2007)) have suggested that the arginine-rich HIV Tat peptides might be able to translocate by destabilizing and inducing transient pores in phospholipid bilayers. In this pathway for peptide translocation, arginine residues play a fundamental role not only in the binding of the peptide to the surface of the membrane but also in the destabilization and nucleation of transient pores across the bilayer, despite being charged and highly hydrophilic. Here we present a molecular dynamics simulation of a peptide composed of nine arginines (Arg-9) that shows that this peptide follows the same translocation pathway previously found for the Tat peptide. We test this hypothesis experimentally by measuring ionic currents across phospholipid bilayers and cell membranes through the pores induced by Arg-9 peptides. We find that Arg-9 peptides, in the presence of an electrostatic potential gradient, induce ionic currents across planar phospholipid bilayers, as well as in cultured osteosarcoma cells and human smooth muscle cells freshly isolated from the umbilical artery. Our results suggest that the mechanism of action of Arg-9 peptide involves the creation of transient pores in lipid bilayers and cell membranes.Comment: This is an extended version of the published manuscript, which had to be shortened before publication to fit within the number of pages required by the journa

Disrupted seasonal clockwork in the population dynamics of a freshwater copepod by climate warming

Life history responses are expected to accompany climate warming, yet little is known how long-term effects of climate and environmental change affect the seasonal dynamics of planktonic organisms. We used an historical data set from Lake Washington (U.S.A.) to quantify population responses of a calanoid copepod (Leptodiaptomus ashlandi) to long-term changes in temperature and resource availability and explore potential mechanisms for the responses. Increasing water temperatures (annual mean increase of 1.5 degrees C in the upper 10-m water volume) and longer stratification periods (about 4 weeks) were observed between 1962 and 2005, coincident with a pronounced decline in Leptodiaptomus densities. However, production was maintained because of an increase in the production to biomass ratio and a life cycle shift in Leptodiaptomus from an annual to a 6-month cycle. Cross-wavelet analyses demonstrated that the annual thermal forcing of copepod recruitment observed during the first two decades of the study weakened substantially, leading to more stochastic population dynamics during the past two decades. This shift from one to two generations per year was most likely produced by a longer and warmer growing period combined with changing fluctuations in resource (phytoplankton) availability. Climate change can lead to higher-frequency voltinism in ectothermic organisms and to temporal reorganization of their population dynamics

Bats in Buildings: Assessing Human Structures as Roost Sites in Glacier National Park (Poster)

Many bat populations are declining due to factors such as spread of white-nose syndrome (WNS) and changes in land use, increasing the need for information to prevent further declines. The little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) is a species of concern in Montana, is susceptible to WNS, is the most common bat in Glacier National Park (GNP) and is frequently found roosting in buildings. We sought to document the locations and types of bat roosts in human structures throughout GNP. We conducted daytime inspections of 579 of the >900 buildings in GNP during summer 2015. When we detected a roost, we determined whether it was a day or night roost and recorded characteristics of the building and roost. In total we found 451 roost sites; most were night roosts. Buildings with tin siding were less likely to be used as night roosts, whereas buildings with masonry were more likely to be used as night roosts. Buildings with a bat house were more likely to be used as day roosts. We also found some evidence that bats preferred to day roost in buildings with tin roofs or logs. These baseline data on locations and numbers of bat roosts will allow biologists to better assess potential impacts of WNS should it arrive in Montana. These data also will provide GNP staff with the necessary information to develop mitigation measures to protect bats

Teaching health science students foundation motivational interviewing skills: use of motivational interviewing treatment integrity and self-reflection to approach transformative learning

© 2015 Schoo et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http:// creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.BACKGROUND: Many undergraduate and graduate-entry health science curricula have incorporated training in motivational interviewing (MI). However, to effectively teach skills that will remain with students after they graduate is challenging. The aims of this study were to find out self-assessed MI skills of health students and whether reflecting on the results can promote transformative learning. METHODS: Thirty-six Australian occupational therapy and physiotherapy students were taught the principles of MI, asked to conduct a motivational interview, transcribe it, self-rate it using the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity (MITI) tool and reflect on the experience. Student MI skills were measured using the reported MITI subscores. Student assignments and a focus group discussion were analysed to explore the student experience using the MITI tool and self-reflection to improve their understanding of MI principles. RESULTS: Students found MI challenging, although identified the MITI tool as useful for promoting self-reflection and to isolate MI skills. Students self-assessed their MI skills as competent and higher than scores expected from beginners. CONCLUSIONS: The results inform educational programs on how MI skills can be developed for health professional students and can result in transformative learning. Students may over-state their MI skills and strategies to reduce this, including peer review, are discussed. Structured self-reflection, using tools such as the MITI can promote awareness of MI skills and compliment didactic teaching methods

Fingerprints of biocomplexity: Taxon‐specific growth of phytoplankton in relation to environmental factors

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/110012/1/lno2004494part21446.pd

Cloning and sequencing of the depolymerase-like gene from Bacteriophage J25

Bacteriophage are viruses that infect, replicate and kill bacteria. Salmonella and EHEC food poisoning are caused by Salmonella and E. coli bacteria. Bacteriophage can be used to prevent food poisoning by application to food products or processing machinery. Bacteriophage J25 specifically infects Salmonella and E. coli bacteria. We cloned fragments of the J25 genome, sequence the DNA and used bioinformatics to identify J25. We used genome data from similar bacteriophage in Genbank to design primers to amplify the depolymerase-like gene. We amplified and cloned this gene. When expressed, the gene product will be test with bacteriophage food treatment where it should augment bacteriophage killing

Cloning, sequencing, and identification of Phage 16, an unknown salmonella or EHEC (enterohemorrhagic E. coli) bacteriophage

Bacteriophage are viruses that infect, replicate and kill bacteria. Salmonella and EHEC food poisoning are caused by Salmonella and E. coli bacteria. Bacteriophage can be used to prevent food poisoning by application to food products or processing machinery. Bacteriophage P16 specifically infects Salmonella and E. coli bacteria. We cloned fragments of the P16 genome, sequence the DNA and used bioinformatics to identify P16. Phage P16 is a Salmonella phage similar to Stitch. A phylogenetic tree inferring relationships of P16 and other bacteriophage was created