Brevetti universitari e economia della ricerca in Italia, Europa e Stati Uniti. Una rassegna dell\u2019evidenza recente

The paper examines the most recent empirical studies on the impact of university patenting on the economics of public research. Most contributions discuss the controversial effects of the Bayh-Dole Act in the US, or attempt to measure the scope of university patenting in Europe. We highlight two main research lines. The first one deals with the possibility that patenting research tools may slow down scientific progress, whose cumulative nature requires free access to the stock of existing knowledge. The second comprises works that attempt to test the impact of patenting on the scientists\u2019 publication activity, at the individual level. It is shown that academic inventors publish more frequently than their peers who do not contribute to patenting; and that no apparent trade-off exists between publishing and patenting activities. On the contrary, a moderate trade-off exists at the systemic level, due to the fact that the existence of patents in given research field discourages other scientists to join the field, thus limiting the cumulative process of scientific advancement

Cranial ultrasound screening in term and late preterm neonates born by vacuum-assisted delivery: Is itworthwhile?

Background: Vacuum extraction is the most common choice to assist vaginal delivery, but there are still concerns regarding the neonatal injuries it may cause. This study aimed to evaluate the rate of intracranial injuries assessed by cranial ultrasound (cUS) among infants born by vacuum extraction, and the relationship with maternal and perinatal factors. Methods: This was a single-center retrospective study carried out in a level-3 neonatal unit. A total of 593 term and late preterm infants born by vacuum-assisted delivery were examined with a cUS scan within 3 days after birth. Results: Major head injuries were clinically silent and occurred in 2% of the infants, with a rate of intracranial haemorrhage of 1.7%. Regardless of obstetric factors, the risk of cranial injury was increased in infants requiring resuscitation at birth (p = 0.04, OR 4.1), admitted to NICU (p = 0.01, OR 5.5) or with perinatal asphyxia (p < 0.01, OR 21.3). Maternal age ≥40 years correlated both with adverse perinatal outcomes (p < 0.05) and the occurrence of major injury (p = 0.02, OR 4.6). Conclusion: Overall, vacuum extraction is a safe procedure for neonates. Head injuries are usually mild and asymptomatic, and with spontaneous recovery. However, the rate of major cranial injuries in our cohort warrants further investigation to support a cUS screening, particularly for infants requiring respiratory support at birth. Also, maternal age might be taken into account when evaluating the risk for neonatal complications after vacuum application

barocco a randomized phase ii study of weekly paclitaxel vs cediranib olaparib with continuous schedule vs cediranib olaparib with intermittent schedule in advanced platinum resistant ovarian cancer

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