The effect of organic acids as leaching agents for hydrometallurgical recovery of metals from PCBs

The hydrometallurgical treatment, compared to other recycling processes, is of great interest due to its higher efficiency and better economy. In hydrometallurgy, popular agents used in the leaching processes of e-waste include inorganic acids, ammonia, chlorides, thiourea, thiosulphates. Organic acids are also becoming more and more popular. The article presents an overview of possible paths of the metal recovery from e-waste with the use of various organic acids. The results of own research on the leaching of printed circuit boards with the use of organic acids including citric acid, oxalic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, malic acid, lactic acid are also presented

The effect of organic acids as leaching agents for hydrometallurgical recovery of metals from PCBs

The hydrometallurgical treatment, compared to other recycling processes, is of great interest due to its higher efficiency and better economy. In hydrometallurgy, popular agents used in the leaching processes of e-waste include inorganic acids, ammonia, chlorides, thiourea, thiosulphates. Organic acids are also becoming more and more popular. The article presents an overview of possible paths of the metal recovery from e-waste with the use of various organic acids. The results of own research on the leaching of printed circuit boards with the use of organic acids including citric acid, oxalic acid, acetic acid, formic acid, malic acid, lactic acid are also presented

Structure and magnetic properties of Bi5Ti3FeO15 ceramics prepared by sintering, mechanical activation and EDAMM process. A comparative study

Three different methods were used to obtain Bi5Ti3FeO15 ceramics, i.e. solid-state sintering, mechanical activation (MA) with subsequent thermal treatment, and electrical discharge assisted mechanical milling (EDAMM). The structure and magnetic properties of produced Bi5Ti3FeO15 samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The purest Bi5Ti3FeO15 ceramics was obtained by standard solid-state sintering method. Mechanical milling methods are attractive because the Bi5Ti3FeO15 compound may be formed at lower temperature or without subsequent thermal treatment. In the case of EDAMM process also the time of processing is significantly shorter in comparison with solid-state sintering method. As revealed by Mössbauer spectroscopy, at room temperature the Bi5Ti3FeO15 ceramics produced by various methods is in paramagnetic state

Badania strat produktu logistycznego na przykladzie pieczywa cukierniczego

Celem podjętych badań była weryfikacja przydatności analizy strat produktu logistycznego przy wprowadzaniu zmian dotyczących ochrony jakości produktów spożywczych. Analizę jakościową i ilościową strat wykonano z wykorzystaniem procedury analizy rodzajów, przyczyn i krytyczności strat produktu logistycznego. Badania strat przeprowadzono dla produktów zaliczanych do grupy pieczywa cukierniczego.The purpose of the undertaken research has been the verification of the usefulness analysis of logistic product damage, together with the introduction of changes concerning the quality protection of food products. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of damage were carried out by means of the analysis procedure of kinds, causes and criticality of the logistic product damage. Research regarding a logistic product damage was carried out on sweet backery products

Wpływ zwiększonej dawki nawożenia azotem ziemniaka na jakość wyprodukowanych czipsów

W nawożeniu ziemniaków największy wpływ na kształtowanie plonu, a przede wszystkim jakość bulw może mieć azot. Dlatego istotne jest wyznaczenie i określenie maksymalnej zalecanej jego dawki, stosowanej w uprawie ziemniaka różnych odmian, aby uzyskać właściwy skład chemiczny surowca, a następnie wysokiej jakości produkt spożywczy. Celem pracy było określenie wpływu stosowania różnych dawek nawożenia azotem w uprawie wczesnych odmian ziemniaka na skład chemiczny bulw i jakość sensoryczną otrzymanych czipsów. Stwierdzono, że zastosowanie wyższej dawki nawożenia (140 kgN·ha⁻¹) w uprawie ziemniaków odmian Kuba i Cedron nie miało istotnego wpływu na zmiany zawartości podstawowych składników w bulwach. Miało natomiast ono wpływ na zwiększenie zawartości cukrów ogółem i redukujących w surowcu w porównaniu z ziemniakami nawożonymi dawką 100 kg N·ha⁻¹. Zawartość cukrów redukujących w ziemniakach badanych prób nie przekraczała wartości 0,25%. Czipsy sporządzone z ziemniaków odmiany Kuba charakteryzowały się lepszymi właściwościami sensorycznymi niż czipsy z odmiany Cedron, które były bardziej twarde, zwłaszcza przy zastosowaniu w uprawie wyższej dawki nawożenia azotem.The most considerable effect of potato fertilization on the yield and above all, on the quality of potato tubers, exerts nitrogen. Therefore, the determination of an advisable maximum dose applied during cultivation of different potato varieties is highly important, as it can ensure the proper chemical composition of raw material and in a consequence, a high quality of edible product. The aim of the work was the determination of the effect of different nitrogen fertilization doses applied in early potato varieties on the chemical composition of potato tubers and sensoric quality of resulting chips. It was stated that a higher fertilization dose (140 kg N·ha⁻¹) in the cultivation of Kuba and Cedron did not have any significant effect on the content of basic tuber components. Yet it affected the increased content of total sugar and reducing sugars in raw material as compared to the potatoes fertilized with the dose of 100 kg N·ha⁻¹. The content of reducing sugars in the analyzed potato tubers did not exceed 0.25% value. The chips produced from the Kuba potato cultivar showed better sensory quality than those made from the Cedron variety. The latter were tougher especially when a higher nitrogen fertilization dose was used

Phenolics in Aqueous Potato Peel Extract: Extraction, Identification and Degradation

Phenolics were extracted from potato peel waste using water or methanol. Phenolic acids in the extracts were quantified by HPLC. The greatest amounts of phenolic acids resulted when potato homogenate was refluxed with water for 30 min. yielding a total concentration of 48 mg/100g. Four phenolic acids (chlorogenic. gallic, protocatechuic, and caffeic) were characterized as major components. Aqueous extracts were stored 20 days and after 7 days at 25°C exposed to light, chlorogenic acid had degraded to caffeic acid

Structure and Magnetic Properties of Bi5Ti3FeO15 Ceramics Prepared by Sintering, Mechanical Activation and Edamm Process. A Comparative Study

Three different methods were used to obtain Bi5Ti3FeO15 ceramics, i.e. solid-state sintering, mechanical activation (MA) with subsequent thermal treatment, and electrical discharge assisted mechanical milling (EDAMM). The structure and magnetic properties of produced Bi5Ti3FeO15 samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The purest Bi5Ti3FeO15 ceramics was obtained by standard solid-state sintering method. Mechanical milling methods are attractive because the Bi5Ti3FeO15 compound may be formed at lower temperature or without subsequent thermal treatment. In the case of EDAMM process also the time of processing is significantly shorter in comparison with solid-state sintering method. As revealed by Mössbauer spectroscopy, at room temperature the Bi5Ti3FeO15 ceramics produced by various methods is in paramagnetic state

Potato Peel Waste: Stability and Antioxidant Activity of a Freeze-Dried Extract

Aqueous extracts of potato peel waste were freeze-dried. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the freeze-dried extracts revealed that chlorogenic (50.31%), gallic (41.67%), protocatechuic (7.81%), and caffeic (0.21%) acids were the major phenolics. During 15 days storage of the freeze-dried extract, no degradation of phenolics occurred. After 4 days storage at 63°C, 5.00g of sunflower oil containing either the freeze-dried extract (200 ppm) or butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (200 ppm) reached peroxide values (PV) of 37.38 and 37.47 meq kg-1 respectively. L-ascorbic acid-6-palmitate was the best antioxidant (PV= 10.65 meq kg-1) but the freeze-dried extract was as good as BHA