Práticas de literacia familiar em benguela (angola): Um estudo exploratório.

As investigações mostram que a aprendizagem da linguagem escrita começa muito antes do ensino formal e que as práticas e o ambiente de literacia familiar influenciam a literacia emergente e o desenvolvimento da linguagem escrita. Mas, se estes estudos são desenvolvidos no Ocidente, em África pouco se tem feito e em Angola não se conhece nenhum estudo. Com base nos estudos existentes, em diversos contextos culturais, verifica-se que a literacia familiar existe, podendo as práticas variar no tipo e frequência uma vez que o que se passa num contexto, pode não ser igual ao que se passa noutra realidade cultural diferente. Neste sentido este trabalho, procura caraterizar as práticas e o ambiente familiar de literacia em 11 famílias de Benguela com um filho a frequentar o início da escolaridade. Os dados foram recolhidos através de uma entrevista informal aos pais. Os resultados mostram que as práticas de literacia familiar são essencialmente práticas formais, muito ligadas à escola e às tarefas escolares. No mesmo sentido verificámos que a responsabilidade pela aprendizagem da linguagem escrita é atribuída à escola, e a explicadores. Apesar de surgirem algumas referências do uso da literacia associado a práticas religiosas, poucas referências foram feitas a práticas informais ou lúdicas. Foi clara a quase inexistência de materiais de leitura (jornais, livros, revistas) para além dos escolares. A falta de tempo, a escassez de bibliotecas públicas e livrarias, a falta dos recursos financeiras para aquisição do material de literacia e a iliteracia foram apontados como obstáculos para o desenvolvimento de outro tipo de práticasinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A Mixture of Cod and Scallop Protein Reduces Adiposity and Improves Glucose Tolerance in High-Fat Fed Male C57BL/6J Mice

<div><p>Low-protein and high-protein diets regulate energy metabolism in animals and humans. To evaluate whether different dietary protein sources modulate energy balance when ingested at average levels obesity-prone male C57BL/6J mice were pair-fed high-fat diets (67 energy percent fat, 18 energy percent sucrose and 15 energy percent protein) with either casein, chicken filet or a mixture of cod and scallop (1∶1 on amino acid content) as protein sources. At equal energy intake, casein and cod/scallop fed mice had lower feed efficiency than chicken fed mice, which translated into reduced adipose tissue masses after seven weeks of feeding. Chicken fed mice had elevated hepatic triglyceride relative to casein and cod/scallop fed mice and elevated 4 h fasted plasma cholesterol concentrations compared to low-fat and casein fed mice. In casein fed mice the reduced adiposity was likely related to the observed three percent lower apparent fat digestibility compared to low-fat, chicken and cod/scallop fed mice. After six weeks of feeding an oral glucose tolerance test revealed that despite their lean phenotype, casein fed mice had reduced glucose tolerance compared to low-fat, chicken and cod/scallop fed mice. In a separate set of mice, effects on metabolism were evaluated by indirect calorimetry before onset of diet-induced obesity. Spontaneous locomotor activity decreased in casein and chicken fed mice when shifting from low-fat to high-fat diets, but cod/scallop feeding tended (<i>P</i> = 0.06) to attenuate this decrease. Moreover, at this shift, energy expenditure decreased in all groups, but was decreased to a greater extent in casein fed than in cod/scallop fed mice, indicating that protein sources regulated energy expenditure differently. In conclusion, protein from different sources modulates energy balance in C57BL/6J mice when given at normal levels. Ingestion of a cod/scallop-mixture prevented diet-induced obesity compared to intake of chicken filet and preserved glucose tolerance compared to casein intake.</p></div

Composition of the experimental diets.

a<p> OpenSource diet no. D12450B (Research Diets, Inc. NJ, USA).</p>b<p> Casein (cat. no. C8654, lot BCBC 3986, Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA).</p>c<p> Chicken breast fillets (Kyllingfilet naturell, Ytterøykylling AS, Norway).</p>d<p> Cod fillets (Wildcaught in the Northeastern Atlantic) and Canadian scallops, (Wild North Atlantic scallops, 20–30 ct, Placopecten magellanicus, Clearwater Seafoods Limited, NS, Canada).</p>e<p> LF: soybean oil. Casein, chicken and cod/scallop: corn oil.</p>f<p> Mineral Mix S10026.</p>g<p> Vitamin Mix V100001.</p>h<p> Crude protein, N ^x 6.15 for casein; N ^x 5.6 for chicken filet and cod/scallop.</p><p>Composition of the experimental diets.</p

Casein and cod/scallop protein reduces body mass gain and adiposity despite equal energy intake.

<p>A: Growth curve during six weeks. B: Body mass gain. C: Cumulative and total energy intake. D: Feed efficiency. E: Adipose tissue masses. F: Apparent fat digestibility. G: Lean tissue masses. H: Apparent nitrogen digestibility. A-H in male C57BL/6J mice fed the experimental diets for six weeks. Data (Expt. 1) represent group means (<i>n</i> = 7–8) ± SEM analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's pair-wise comparisons. Body mass development and cumulative energy intake were analyzed by repeated measurements ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc. Means that do not share a letter are significantly different (<i>P</i><0.05). ^# indicates significantly higher body mass in LF fed than in casein fed mice. * indicates significantly higher body mass in chicken fed than in casein fed mice. ¤ indicates significantly higher body mass in chicken fed than in cod/scallop fed mice.</p

Amino acid composition of the experimental diets.

<p>* essential animo acids.</p>a<p> Asx: sum of Asp + Asn.</p>b<p> Glx: sum of Glu + Gln.</p>c<p> EAA: sum of essential amino acids.</p>d<p> BCAA: sum of branched-chain amino acids.</p>e<p> Total AA: total sum of amino acids.</p><p>Amino acid composition of the experimental diets.</p

Protein sources affect energy expenditure and tend to affect spontaneous locomotor activity.

<p>A: RER in mice fed LF diet for 72 h and HF diets for 72 h in open-circuit indirect calorimetry cages. B: Average respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during 48 h on LF diet and HF diets in light and dark phases. C: Spontaneous locomotor activity during 72 h on LF diet and 72 h on HF diets. D: Spontaneous locomotor activity in light and dark phases during 48 h in mice fed LF diet and HF diets. E: Total spontaneous locomotor activity during 48 h in mice fed LF diet and HF diets. F: Energy expenditure (EE) during 72 h on LF diet and 72 h on HF diets. G: Average EE during 48 h in light and dark phases in mice fed LF diet and HF diets. Data (Expt. 2) represent group means (<i>n</i> = 9–10) ± SEM analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey's pair-wise comparisons. RER, activity and EE data were analyzed by repeated measurements ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc. Means that do not share a letter are significantly different (<i>P</i><0.05).</p

4 h fasted plasma metabolites, liver lipids and liver relative gene expression.

<p>Data represent group means (<i>n</i> = 6–8) ± SEM analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc. Means that do not share a superscript letter are significantly different (<i>P</i><0.05). Abbreviations: TG, triglycerides; FFA, free fatty acids; <i>Srebf1</i>, sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1; <i>Acaca</i>, acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase alpha; <i>Fasn</i>, fatty acid synthase; <i>Scd-1</i>, stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1; <i>Dgat-1</i>, diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1; <i>Hmgcr</i>, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase; <i>Pck-1</i>, phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase-1; <i>Hk2</i>, hexokinase 2; <i>Hk4</i>, hexokinase 4; <i>Pfkl</i>, phosphofructokinase, liver, B-type; <i>Pklr</i>, pyruvate kinase liver and red blood cell.</p><p>4 h fasted plasma metabolites, liver lipids and liver relative gene expression.</p

Histological characteristics of rat epididymal adipose tissue (eWAT) and inguinal adipose tissue (iWAT).

<p>Standard H&E staining of sections was performed. As compared with eWAT, less adipocytes, bigger intercellular space, more blood cells/vessels residue (deep red particles/tubes with green arrow) and abundant collagen fibers (light red filaments with yellow arrow) were seen in iWAT.</p

Primers used for analysis of gene expression.

<p>Primers used for analysis of gene expression.</p

Cytotoxic properties of rat hepatocytes (HPC) co-cultured with adipose tissue explants from epididymal adipose tissue (eWAT) and inguinal adipose tissue (iWAT).

<p>A: Detached HPCs in HPC-fat pads co-culture after 24 h. B: Activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) released in co-culture medium. C: Expression levels of apoptosis marker genes in HPCs. β-actin was used as a reference gene. * and **, <i>P</i><0.05 and <i>P</i><0.01 <i>vs</i> control value, respectively. †, <i>P</i><0.05 <i>vs</i> eWAT co-culture group value.</p