L’évolution des enfants difficiles

Dans cet article, les auteurs relatent une recherche faite, dans le cadre du projet Concordia Longitudinal Risk Project, sur l'ajustement des enfants socialement atypiques durant l'adolescence. Plus précisément, ils tentent de répondre à la question suivante: Quels comportements de l'enfant et quelles tangentes de son développement mènent à des problèmes psychologiques majeurs à l'adolescence et à l'âge adulte? Après une analyse complexe de divers facteurs, leurs résultats indiquent que les enfants perçus comme agressifs, repliés sur eux-mêmes ou souvent agressifs et repliés sur eux-mêmes par leur camarades, sont susceptibles d'avoir des problèmes à l'adolescence. Ils explicitent ensuite selon ces trois groupes les difficultés de chacun.In this article, the authors discuss a study carried out during a Concordia Longitudinal Risk Project that deals with the adjustment of socially atypical children in their adolescent years. More precisely, they try to answer the following question : What child behaviors and which tangents of their development lead to major psychological problems as an adolescent and as an adult? After a complex analysis of various factors, their results indicate that children perceived as aggressive, keeping to themselves or often aggressive and keeping to themselves because of peer pressure, are liable to have problems in their adolescent years. The authors then elaborate on the difficulties experienced by each of these three groups

De l’agressivité à la maternité. Étude longitudinale sur 30 ans auprès de filles agressives devenues mères : trajectoires de leur agressivité durant l’enfance, indicateurs de leurs caractéristiques parentales et développement de leurs enfants

L’agressivité chez les filles tend à ne pas se manifester de la même façon que chez les garçons ; de plus, elle suit une trajectoire longitudinale particulière. Les filles agressives envers leurs pairs ne se caractérisent pas tant par leurs manifestations de délinquance et de criminalité ; elles s’orientent plutôt vers une trajectoire de troubles sociaux et de santé mentale qui, à terme, compromet leur avenir scolaire, social et professionnel, de même que leur état de santé physique. Les compétences parentales des filles agressives, de même que le fonctionnement de leur famille, peuvent aussi être affectées ; dans ce cas, c’est la socialisation, la santé et le développement de toute une nouvelle génération d’enfants qui sont menacés. La Concordia Longitudinal Risk Project (Enquête longitudinale sur les risques, Université Concordia) suit un échantillon intergénérationnel de 1 770 sujets vivant à Montréal, dont un sous-échantillon de plus de 200 filles dites très agressives, et le compare avec un échantillon de garçons agressifs et un groupe témoin composé d’enfants des deux sexes. Les participants sont suivis de l’enfance à l’âge adulte sur une période de 30 ans. Le présent article décrit les trajectoires à long terme des filles agressives et les conséquences de cette agressivité sur une large variété d’éléments psychosociaux et de santé comme la maternité et la transmission des risques à la prochaine génération. Plus particulièrement, nous souhaitons : (1) établir les trajectoires des filles qui mènent de l’agressivité dans l’enfance au développement négatif à l’âge adulte, (2) établir les indicateurs de santé et les facteurs physiologiques connexes qui comportent des risques pour les filles agressives et leurs enfants et (3) évaluer comment l’agressivité à l’enfance se répercute sur le rôle maternel et le développement de la prochaine génération. Enfin, les retombées de nos conclusions seront discutées.Childhood aggression in girls may take different forms and follow different longitudinal trajectories from those typical of aggressive boys. Even when overt delinquency and criminality are avoided, girls who are aggressive towards their peers may follow a life course involving continuing social and mental health problems. From a longterm perspective, academic, social, health, and occupational achievement are likely to be negatively affected. Family functioning and parenting abilities may also be compromised, placing the offspring of these girls, a subsequent generation, at risk for social, health, and developmental problems. The Concordia Longitudinal Risk Project, which follows an intergenerational sample of 1770 inner-city Montrealers, includes a sub-sample of over 200 highly aggressive girls, with comparison groups of aggressive boys and normative children of both genders. Participants have been followed over a 30-year period, from childhood into adulthood. The present paper describes the long-term trajectories and sequelae of girlhood aggression in the context of a broad range of negative psychosocial and health outcomes, including parenting and the inter generational transfer of risk to offspring. More specifically, (1) trajectories by which childhood aggression places girls at risk for negative developmental outcomes are outlined, (2) health behaviours and physiological correlates that signify risk to aggressive girls and their offspring are delineated, and (3) pathways through which girlhood aggression influences parenting and offspring development are elucidated. Implications of these findings are discussed

Lineage-specific dynamic and pre-established enhancer–promoter contacts cooperate in terminal differentiation

Chromosome conformation is an important feature of metazoan gene regulation; however, enhancer–promoter contact remodeling during cellular differentiation remains poorly understood. To address this, genome-wide promoter capture Hi-C (CHi-C) was performed during epidermal differentiation. Two classes of enhancer–promoter contacts associated with differentiation-induced genes were identified. The first class ('gained') increased in contact strength during differentiation in concert with enhancer acquisition of the H3K27ac activation mark. The second class ('stable') were pre-established in undifferentiated cells, with enhancers constitutively marked by H3K27ac. The stable class was associated with the canonical conformation regulator cohesin, whereas the gained class was not, implying distinct mechanisms of contact formation and regulation. Analysis of stable enhancers identified a new, essential role for a constitutively expressed, lineage-restricted ETS-family transcription factor, EHF, in epidermal differentiation. Furthermore, neither class of contacts was observed in pluripotent cells, suggesting that lineage-specific chromatin structure is established in tissue progenitor cells and is further remodeled in terminal differentiation

Action-Guidance, Oppression, and Nonideal Theory

Lisa Tessman’s Moral Failure: On the Impossible Demands of Morality raises important questions about ideal theory, oppression, and the role of action guidance in normative philosophy. After a brief overview of feminist and anti-racist philosophers’ critiques of ideal theory, I examine Tessman’s claim that nonideal oppression theorists focus too narrowly on action guidance and thereby obscure other important normative issues, such as the problem of moral failure. Although I agree with Tessman’s advocacy of a wider focus—and with her suggestion that situations of inevitable moral failure are particularly important to examine in contexts of oppression—I question whether nonideal oppression theorists actually emphasize action guidance to the exclusion of other concerns. I conclude with a brief examination of the way that ideal and nonideal theory have been defined and understood in debates about normative methodology, and I suggest that a move away from Rawls’s account of the ideal/nonideal distinction would benefit feminists and other oppression theorists

Feminist Interventions in Ethics and Politics: Feminist Ethics and Social Theory

This collection breaks new ground in four key areas of feminist social thought: the sex/gender debates; challenges to liberalism/equality; feminist ethics; and feminist perspectives on global ethics and politics in the 21st century. Altogether, the essays provide an innovative look at feminist philosophy while making substantive contributions to current debates in gender theory, ethics, and political thought.https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/philosophy_books/1014/thumbnail.jp

Neighbourhood disadvantage and behavioural problems during childhood and the risk of cardiovascular disease risk factors and events from a prospective cohort

Both low socioeconomic status (SES) and behavioural problems in childhood are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adulthood, but their combined effects on CVD are unknown. Study objectives were to investigate the effect of neighbourhood level SES and behavioural problems during childhood on the development of CVD risk factors and events during adulthood. Participants were from a longitudinal cohort (n=3792, baseline: 6–13years of age) of Montreal children, followed from 1976 to 2010. SES was a composite measure of neighbourhood income, employment, education, and single-parent households separately assessed from census micro data sets in 1976, 2001, and 2006. Behavioural problems were assessed based on sex-specific peer assessments. CVD events were from medical records. Sex-stratified multivariable Cox regression models adjusted for age, frequency of medical visits, and parental history of CVD. Males from disadvantaged neighbourhoods during childhood were 2.06 (95% CI: 1.09–3.90, p=0.03) and 2.51 (95% CI: 1.49–4.22, p=0.0005) times more likely to develop a CVD risk factor or an event, respectively, than males not from disadvantaged neighbourhoods. Aggressive males were also 50% more likely to develop a CVD risk factor or event. Females from disadvantaged neighbourhoods during childhood were 1.85 (95% CI: 1.33–2.59, p=0.0003) times more likely to develop a CVD risk factor. Future studies should aim to disentangle the interpersonal from the socioeconomic effects on CVD incidence. Keywords: Neighbourhood disadvantage, Cardiovascular risk, Prospective cohort, Socioeconomic status, Longitudina

Neighbourhood disadvantage and behavioural problems during childhood and the risk of cardiovascular disease risk factors and events from a prospective cohort

Both low socioeconomic status (SES) and behavioural problems in childhood are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adulthood, but their combined effects on CVD are unknown. Study objectives were to investigate the effect of neighbourhood level SES and behavioural problems during childhood on the development of CVD risk factors and events during adulthood. Participants were from a longitudinal cohort (n=3792, baseline: 6–13years of age) of Montreal children, followed from 1976 to 2010. SES was a composite measure of neighbourhood income, employment, education, and single-parent households separately assessed from census micro data sets in 1976, 2001, and 2006. Behavioural problems were assessed based on sex-specific peer assessments. CVD events were from medical records. Sex-stratified multivariable Cox regression models adjusted for age, frequency of medical visits, and parental history of CVD. Males from disadvantaged neighbourhoods during childhood were 2.06 (95% CI: 1.09–3.90, p=0.03) and 2.51 (95% CI: 1.49–4.22, p=0.0005) times more likely to develop a CVD risk factor or an event, respectively, than males not from disadvantaged neighbourhoods. Aggressive males were also 50% more likely to develop a CVD risk factor or event. Females from disadvantaged neighbourhoods during childhood were 1.85 (95% CI: 1.33–2.59, p=0.0003) times more likely to develop a CVD risk factor. Future studies should aim to disentangle the interpersonal from the socioeconomic effects on CVD incidence. Keywords: Neighbourhood disadvantage, Cardiovascular risk, Prospective cohort, Socioeconomic status, Longitudina