Zjawisko priorytetów konstytucyjnych jako przykład tzw. zmiany nieformalnej konstytucji

The aim of this article is to present the phenomenon of constitutional priorities as an example of so-called informal constitutional change. Constitutional priorities are a form of informal (substantive) constitutional amendment. Constitutional priorities are construed as a process of determining or giving priority to certain constitutional rules (constitutional provisions) and assigning lesser importance to others. Constitutional priorities are not permanent, they are a response to emerging social and economic, as well as political issues (situational context). They follow the changing reality and have an impact on the content and understanding of the provisions of the Constitution. The “substitution” of constitutional priorities may proceed in a crawling manner, i.e. through transformation of the state (e.g. environmental protection and sustainable development) or in an immediate manner as a response to a serious threat to the state and its citizens.The aim of this article is to present the phenomenon of constitutional priorities as an example of so-called informal constitutional change. Constitutional priorities are a form of informal (substantive) constitutional amendment. Constitutional priorities are construed as a process of determining or giving priority to certain constitutional rules (constitutional provisions) and assigning lesser importance to others. Constitutional priorities are not permanent, they are a response to emerging social and economic, as well as political issues (situational context). They follow the changing reality and have an impact on the content and understanding of the provisions of the Constitution. The “substitution” of constitutional priorities may proceed in a crawling manner, i.e. through transformation of the state (e.g. environmental protection and sustainable development) or in an immediate manner as a response to a serious threat to the state and its citizens.Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zjawiska priorytetów konstytucyjnych jako przykładu tzw. zmiany nieformalnej konstytucji. Przez priorytety konstytucyjne rozumiemy proces ustalania lub przyznawania pierwszeństwa jednym normom konstytucyjnym (przepisom konstytucyjnym) oraz wyznaczania podrzędnego znaczenia – innym normom konstytucyjnym. Priorytety konstytucyjne nie są stałe, stanowią one odpowiedź na pojawiające się problemy społeczne i gospodarcze, a także polityczne (kontekst sytuacyjny). Podążają za zmieniającą się rzeczywistością i mają wpływ na treść oraz rozumienie przepisów konstytucji. „Zamiana” priorytetów konstytucyjnych może się odbywać w sposób pełzający, tj. przez stopniowe przeobrażenia państwa (np. ochrona środowiska i zrównoważony rozwój), lub w sposób natychmiastowy jako reakcja na poważne zagrożenie dla państwa i jego obywateli

Intrinsic Apoptosis Pathway in Fallopian Tube Epithelial Cells Induced by Cladribine

Cladribine is a purine nucleoside analog which initiates the apoptotic mechanism within cells. Moreover, the available data confirms that cladribine, with the participation of the p53 protein, as well as the proapoptotic proteins from the Bcl-2 family, also induces the activation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. However, while there has been a lot of research devoted to the effect of cladribine on lymphatic system cells, little is known about the impact of cladribine on the reproductive system. The aim of our study was to evaluate apoptosis in oviduct epithelial cells sourced from 15 different female rats. In so doing, the sections were stained with caspases 3, 9, and 8. Results suggest that cladribine also induces apoptosis in the oviduct epithelial cells by way of the intrinsic pathway. Indeed, the discontinuing of the administration of cladribine leads to a reduction in the amount of apoptotic cells in the oviduct epithelium

Coalitions in the Jungle: Advancing Animal Welfare through Challenges to Concentration in the Meat Industry

The meat processing conglomerates that currently control the majority of the market share in the meatpacking industry are responsible for its most systemic animal abuses. Increased concentration has enabled these larger processors to dictate animal treatment standards maintained by meat producers, most of whom have caved to economic pressure and moved their animals from small farms into Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations. Animal welfare proponents have failed to adequately challenge the concentration of the meat industry and in 2012 have yet to fully explore strategies made available by the Packers & Stockyards Act of 1921 (PSA). This Article proposes that a coalition between animal welfare activists and small meat producers, who have yet to be absorbed or driven out of business by the meatpacking giants, could effectively attack the concentration of the meat industry. First, animal welfare activists should work with small producers to expose to the public the negative human externalities associated with market concentration, such as intensive farming techniques that directly compromise consumer health. Second, the animal welfare movement should harness its legal experience to encourage small meat producers to pursue PSA-based civil suits aimed at challenging the power of the meatpacking conglomerates

The influence of organizational environment factors on employees’ attitudes.

Celem pracy jest analiza wpływu środowiska organizacji na postawy pracowników. Pod tym kątem zostało przebadanych 49 pracowników jednej z krakowskich korporacji. Do badania użyto czterech kwestionariuszy: pierwszy z nich autorstwa Christiny Maslach i Michaela Leiter’a dotyczy sześciu obszarów życia zawodowego; drugi kwestionariusz Rogera C. Mayer’a i Jamesa H. Davis’a mierzy zaufanie w organizacji; kolejny bada psychologiczne poczucie „empowerment” wg koncepcji Sanjay Menona z Indii oraz ostatni do pomiaru zaangażowania opracowany przez Willmara Schaufeliego oraz Arnolda Bakkera. Na podstawie wyników badań można zaobserwować, że badana grupa nie jest homogeniczna pod względem zaufania do kierownictwa firmy. Osoby cechujące się wyższym poziomem zaufania bardziej pozytywnie oceniają środowisko organizacji oraz stosowanie praktyk „empowerment”. Nie wykryto zależności między zaufaniem a zaangażowaniem w pracy, które jest na przeciętnym poziomie.The purpose of the thesis is the analysis of the influence of organizational environment on employees’ attitudes. Therefore, 49 employees of one of the Cracow’s corporation were taken under examination. The research was performed using four types of surveys: the first one of authors Christina Maslach and Michael Leiter, referring to six areas of worklife; the second one of authors Roger C. Mayer and James H. Davis measuring the trust in the organization; the next one measures empowerment according to approach presented by Sanjay Menon from India; and the last one to measure the engagement, worked out by Willmar Schaufeli and Arnold Bakker.Based on the results of the research performed, it can be stated that surveyed group of employees is not homogenic from the perspective of trust in the company’s management level. Employees characterising of higher level of trust are more positive about evaluating the organizational environement and applying empowerment approach. There have been identified no dependencies between trust and engagement at work, which were at the average level

Export as a strategy of internationalization under example Das Company Sp. z o.o.

Celem niniejszej pracy jest analiza i charakterystyka strategii internacjonalizacji badanego przedsiębiorstwa, jako źródła jego rozwoju. Całość pracy opiera się na dwóch częściach: teoretycznej i empirycznej, składających się z czterech rozdziałów. Rozdział pierwszy przedstawia ujęcie teoretyczne procesu internacjonalizacji oraz przegląd dostępnych strategii umiędzynarodowienia. Rozdział drugi obrazuje uwarunkowania i perspektywy rozwoju polskich przedsiębiorstw, poprzez rozpoczęcie działalności eksportowej. Rozdział trzeci i rozdział czwarty jako części empiryczne stanowią badania własne. Rozdział trzeci charakteryzuje dotychczasową działalność przedsiębiorstwa i skupia się na wybranej strategii rozwoju badanej firmy. Rozdział czwarty przedstawia analizę i ocenę procesu zarządzania eksportem wraz z diagnozą etapów realizacji transakcji eksportowych przez przedsiębiorstwo. Praca powstała w oparciu o badania literaturowe, źródła internetowe, dokumentację wewnętrzną, stronę internetową firmy oraz jej konkurentów. W pracy oparto się także na metodach badawczych z zakresu zarządzania strategicznego, badaniach ankietowych w formie kwestionariusza skierowanego do personelu firmy oraz wywiady pogłębione, eksperckie z kadrą zarządzającą.The main aim of this master work is to analyze and description the internationalization strategy of investigated enterprise, as a source of its development. The whole work is based on two parts: theoretical and empirical, consisting of four chapters. The first chapter presents the theoretical approach to the internationalization process and an overview of the possible internationalization strategies. The second chapter illustrates the conditions and prospects for the development of Polish enterprises by starting export activity. The third chapter and the fourth chapter are own studies as empirical parts. The third chapter characterizes the company's existing activities and the internationalization strategy chosen by it. The fourth chapter presents the analysis and evaluation of the export management process, along with the diagnosis of the stages of export transactions performed by the company. The work was based on literature research, Internet sources, internal documentation, the company's website and its competitors website. The work was also based on research methods in the field of strategic management, surveys in the form of a questionnaire addressed to employees, as well as in-depth and expert interviews with the management

Live to work or love to work: work craving and work engagement.

OBJECTIVE:According to the theory of work craving, a workaholic has a craving for self-worth compensatory incentives and an expectation of relief from negative affect experienced through neurotic perfectionism and an obsessive-compulsive style of working. Research has shown that workaholism and work engagement should be considered as two distinct work styles with different health consequences. However, the mechanisms underlying the adoption of these work styles have been neglected. The present study proposes that work craving and work engagement are differentially associated with self-regulatory competencies and health. In particular, we expected that the working styles mediate the relationships between emotional self-regulation and health. METHODS:In the cross-sectional study, 469 teachers from German schools completed online administered questionnaires. By means of structural equation modeling, we tested two indirect paths: a) from self-relaxation deficits via work craving to poor health and b) from self-motivation competencies via work engagement to good health. RESULTS:As expected, we found evidence that a) the negative relationship of self-relaxation deficits on health was partially mediated by work craving and b) the positive relationship of self-motivation competencies on health was partially mediated by work engagement. CONCLUSIONS:The present study emphasizes the importance of self-regulation competencies for healthy or unhealthy work styles. Whereas work craving was associated with a low ability to down-regulate negative emotions and poor health, work engagement was associated with a high ability to up-regulate positive emotions and good health

Regression coefficients of two path models tested through structural equation modeling.

<p>Indirect path coefficients are in parentheses. The residual variance components (error variances) indicate the amount of unexplained variance. For each observed variable, R²  =  (1 - error variance). * p <.05 *** p <.001.</p

Descriptives and Bivariate Correlations (Pearson) Between Study Variables (N = 469).

<p><i>Note.</i>^afemale  =  1; male  =  2. ^b<i>N</i>  =  436. ^c<i>N</i>  =  459.</p><p>* <i>p</i> <.05 ** <i>p</i> <.01 *** <i>p</i> <.001.</p><p>Descriptives and Bivariate Correlations (Pearson) Between Study Variables (N  =  469).</p