2,229 research outputs found
Assessing the Cross-Market Generalization Capability of the CLAUDETTE System
We present a study aimed at testing the CLAUDETTE system's ability to generalise the concept of unfairness in consumer contracts across diverse market sectors. The data set includes 142 terms of services grouped in five sub-sets: travel and accommodation, games and entertainment, finance and payments, health and well-being, and the more general others. Preliminary results show that the classifier has satisfying performance on all the sectors
The unusual volatile composition of the Halley-type comet 8P/Tuttle: Addressing the existence of an Inner Oort Cloud
We measured organic volatiles (CH4, CH3OH, C2H6, H2CO), CO, and water in
comet 8P/Tuttle, a comet from the Oort cloud reservoir now in a short-period
Halley-type orbit. We compare its composition with two other comets in
Halley-type orbits, and with comets of the "organics-normal" and
"organics-depleted" classes. Chemical gradients are expected in the
comet-forming region of the proto-planetary disk, and an individual comet
should reflect its specific heritage. If Halley-type comets came from the inner
Oort cloud as proposed, we see no common characteristics that could distinguish
such comets from those that were stored in the outer Oort cloud.Comment: 14 pages, including 1 figure and 2 Table
Divergent Thermal Conductivity in Three-dimensional Nonlinear lattices
Heat conduction in three-dimensional nonlinear lattices is investigated using
a particle dynamics simulation. The system is a simple three-dimensional
extension of the Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU-) nonlinear lattices, in
which the interparticle potential has a biquadratic term together with a
harmonic term. The system size is , and the heat is made to
flow in the direction the Nose-Hoover method. Although a linear
temperature profile is realized, the ratio of enerfy flux to temperature
gradient shows logarithmic divergence with . The autocorrelation function of
energy flux is observed to show power-law decay as ,
which is slower than the decay in conventional momentum-cnserving
three-dimensional systems (). Similar behavior is also observed in
the four dimensional system.Comment: 4 pages, 5 figures. Accepted for publication in J. Phys. Soc. Japan
Letter
Deep learning for detecting and explaining unfairness in consumer contracts
Consumer contracts often contain unfair clauses, in apparent violation of the relevant legislation. In this paper we present a new methodology for evaluating such clauses in online Terms of Services. We expand a set of tagged documents (terms of service), with a structured corpus where unfair clauses are liked to a knowledge base of rationales for unfairness, and experiment with machine learning methods on this expanded training set. Our experimental study is based on deep neural networks that aim to combine learning and reasoning tasks, one major example being Memory Networks. Preliminary results show that this approach may not only provide reasons and explanations to the user, but also enhance the automated detection of unfair clauses
Temporal and Spatial Aspects of Gas Release During the 2010 Apparition of Comet 103P/Hartley-2
We report measurements of eight primary volatiles (H2O, HCN, CH4, C2H6,
CH3OH, C2H2, H2CO, and NH3) and two product species (OH and NH2) in comet
103P/Hartley-2 using high dispersion infrared spectroscopy. We quantified the
long- and short-term behavior of volatile release over a three-month interval
that encompassed the comet's close approach to Earth, its perihelion passage,
and flyby of the comet by the Deep Impact spacecraft during the EPOXI mission.
We present production rates for individual species, their mixing ratios
relative to water, and their spatial distributions in the coma on multiple
dates. The production rates for water, ethane, HCN, and methanol vary in a
manner consistent with independent measures of nucleus rotation, but mixing
ratios for HCN, C2H6, & CH3OH are independent of rotational phase. Our results
demonstrate that the ensemble average composition of gas released from the
nucleus is well defined, and relatively constant over the three-month interval
(September 18 through December 17). If individual vents vary in composition,
enough diverse vents must be active simultaneously to approximate (in sum) the
bulk composition of the nucleus. The released primary volatiles exhibit diverse
spatial properties which favor the presence of separate polar and apolar ice
phases in the nucleus, establish dust and gas release from icy clumps (and
also, directly from the nucleus), and provide insights into the driver for the
cyanogen (CN) polar jet. The spatial distributions of C2H6 & HCN along the
near-polar jet (UT 19.5 October) and nearly orthogonal to it (UT 22.5 October)
are discussed relative to the origin of CN. The ortho-para ratio (OPR) of water
was 2.85 \pm 0.20; the lower bound (2.65) defines Tspin > 32 K. These values
are consistent with results returned from ISO in 1997.Comment: 18 pages, 3 figures, to be published in: Astrophysical Journal
Letter
The Force Awakens: Artificial intelligence for consumer law
Recent years have been tainted by market practices that continuously expose us, as consumers, to new risks and threats. We have become accustomed, and sometimes even resigned, to businesses monitoring our activities, examining our data, and even meddling with our choices. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is often depicted as a weapon in the hands of businesses and blamed for allowing this to happen. In this paper, we envision a paradigm shift, where AI technologies are brought to the side of consumers and their organizations, with the aim of building an efficient and effective counter-power. AI-powered tools can support a massive-scale automated analysis of textual and audiovisual data, as well as code, for the benefit of consumers and their organizations. This in turn can lead to a better oversight of business activities, help consumers exercise their rights, and enable the civil society to mitigate information overload. We discuss the societal, political, and technological challenges that stand before that vision
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