Experimental verification of reciprocity relations in quantum thermoelectric transport

Symmetry relations are manifestations of fundamental principles and constitute cornerstones of modern physics. An example are the Onsager relations between coefficients connecting thermodynamic fluxes and forces, central to transport theory and experiments. Initially formulated for classical systems, these reciprocity relations are also fulfilled in quantum conductors. Surprisingly, novel relations have been predicted specifically for thermoelectric transport. However, whereas these thermoelectric reciprocity relations have to date not been verified, they have been predicted to be sensitive to inelastic scattering, always present at finite temperature. The question whether the relations exist in practice is important for thermoelectricity: whereas their existence may simplify the theory of complex thermoelectric materials, their absence has been shown to enable, in principle, higher thermoelectric energy conversion efficiency for a given material quality. Here we experimentally verify the thermoelectric reciprocity relations in a four-terminal mesoscopic device where each terminal can be electrically and thermally biased, individually. The linear response thermoelectric coefficients are found to be symmetric under simultaneous reversal of magnetic field and exchange of injection and emission contacts. Intriguingly, we also observe the breakdown of the reciprocity relations as a function of increasing thermal bias. Our measurements thus clearly establish the existence of the thermoelectric reciprocity relations, as well as the possibility to control their breakdown with the potential to enhance thermoelectric performanceComment: 7 pages, 5 figure

Diffusion Enhancement in a Periodic Potential under High-Frequency Space-Dependent Forcing

We study the long-time behavior of underdamped Brownian particle moving through a viscous medium and in a systematic potential, when it is subjected to a space-dependent high-frequency periodic force. When the frequency is very large, much larger than all other relevant system-frequencies, there is a Kapitsa time-window wherein the effect of frequency dependent forcing can be replaced by a static effective potential. Our new analysis includes the case when the forcing, in addition to being frequency-dependent, is space-dependent as well. The results of the Kapitsa analysis then lead to additional contributions to the effective potential. These are applied to the numerical calculation of the diffusion coefficient (D) for a Brownian particle moving in a periodic potential. Presented are numerical results, which are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions and which indicate a significant enhancement of D due to the space-dependent forcing terms. In addition we study the transport property (current) of underdamped Brownian particles in a ratchet potential.Comment: RevTex 6 pages, 5 figure

Symmetry of two terminal, non-linear electric conduction

The well-established symmetry relations for linear transport phenomena can not, in general, be applied in the non-linear regime. Here we propose a set of symmetry relations with respect to bias voltage and magnetic field for the non-linear conductance of two-terminal electric conductors. We experimentally confirm these relations using phase-coherent, semiconductor quantum dots.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Demon-free quantum Brownian motors

A quantum Smoluchowski equation is put forward that consistently describes thermal quantum states. In particular, it notably does not induce a violation of the second law of thermodynamics. This so modified kinetic equation is applied to study {\it analytically} directed quantum transport at strong friction in arbitrarily shaped ratchet potentials that are driven by nonthermal two-state noise. Depending on the mutual interplay of quantum tunneling and quantum reflection these quantum corrections can induce both, either a sizable enhancement or a suppression of transport. Moreover, the threshold for current reversals becomes markedly shifted due to such quantum fluctuations.Comment: 4 pages 3 figure

Multi-directional sorting modes in deterministic lateral displacement devices

Deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) devices separate micrometer-scale particles in solution based on their size using a laminar microfluidic flow in an array of obstacles. We investigate array geometries with rational row-shift fractions in DLD devices by use of a simple model including both advection and diffusion. Our model predicts novel multi-directional sorting modes that could be experimentally tested in high-throughput DLD devices containing obstacles that are much smaller than the separation between obstacles

Screening of a HUVEC cDNA library with transplant-associated coronary artery disease sera identifies RPL7 as a candidate autoantigen associated with this disease.

A HUVEC cDNA library was screened with sera from two patients who had developed transplant-associated coronary artery disease (TxCAD) following cardiac transplantation. A total of six positive clones were isolated from a primary screen of 40 000 genes. Subsequent DNA sequence analysis identified these to be lysyl tRNA synthetase, ribosomal protein L7, ribosomal protein L9, beta transducin and TANK. Another gene whose product could not be identified showed homology to a human cDNA clone (DKFZp566M063) derived from fetal kidney. Full-length constructs of selected genes were expressed as his-tag recombinant fusion proteins and used to screen a wider patient base by ELISA to determine prevalence and association with TxCAD. Of these ribosomal protein L7 showed the highest prevalence (55.6%) with TxCAD sera compared to 10% non-CAD

Enhanced Zeeman splitting in Ga0.25In0.75As quantum point contacts

The strength of the Zeeman splitting induced by an applied magnetic field is an important factor for the realization of spin-resolved transport in mesoscopic devices. We measure the Zeeman splitting for a quantum point contact etched into a Ga0.25In0.75As quantum well, with the field oriented parallel to the transport direction. We observe an enhancement of the Lande g-factor from |g*|=3.8 +/- 0.2 for the third subband to |g*|=5.8 +/- 0.6 for the first subband, six times larger than in GaAs. We report subband spacings in excess of 10 meV, which facilitates quantum transport at higher temperatures.Comment: [Version 2] Revtex4, 11 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in Applied Physics Letter