Sonochemistry: Applications in Biotechnology

Sonochemistry is a branch dealing with effects of chemical as well as sound wave as the name suggest. The sound waves are ultrasonic, i.e., high frequency waves (20 kHz can extent to 10 MHz and above) beyond the range of a human ear (20–20 kHz). Sonochemistry technology is incorporated into both mechanistic and synthetic studies. An important event called acoustic cavitation take place where microbubbles grow and under the influence of ultrasonic waves they collapse. Sonoluminescence is one of the outcomes of cavitation which leads to homogeneous sonochemistry. Sonochemistry has also entered one of the major developing field biotechnology from basic activation of enzyme to preparation of catalyst. It is also used for the fabrication of nanomaterial which comes under the liquid phase method. One disadvantage of nanomaterial preparation is the amount of time it consumes to show results. This can be eliminated when biotechnological research is conducted in conjunction with sonochemical application. Latest research results have proved that ultrasound irradiation is both time and cost-effective approach for any bio-processes like enhancement of emulsification and trans-esterification of fatty acids for bio-fuel products. Bio-process monitoring and dewatering of sludge have also been accelerated. This chapter contains introductory information on sonochemistry

Electrospun Nanofibers: Characteristic Agents and Their Applications

This study aimed to introduce antibacterial nanofibers, produced by electrospinning as a novel technique in constructing nanostructured materials. The large size and less bioavailability due to impenetrable (or partial/improper penetration) membrane has resulted in production of nanofibers. These nano sized Fibers were successful in delivering the active ingredients and served the purpose of using plants for its cause. Some of the active ingredients include antimicrobial compounds that are incorporated into various products to prevent unwanted microbial growth. As higher bioavailability is one of the most crucial parameters when it comes to medical solutions, electro spun nanofibers are highly preferred. This method is preferable for organic polymers as they have high flexibility, high specific surface area and surface functionalization. Electrospinning technology has been used for the fabrication and assembly of nanofibers into membranes, which have extended the range of potential applications in the biomedical, environmental protection, nanosensor, electronic/optical, protective clothing fields and various other fields

Rapid diagnosis of sugarcane red rot by Dot-immunobinding assay (DIBA) technique

542-545A high sugar and early maturing, sugarcane var. CoC.671 has been found susceptible to red rot disease caused by Colletotrichum falcatum Went. However, during early stages in the field, diagnosis of the disease is very difficult. Therefore, a protocol for rapid diagnosis of sugarcane red rot infection by using DIBA technique is described in the present paper. Antigenic proteins of C. falcatum were SDS-PAGE separated on 12% gel, whereas DIBA was performed on nitrocellulose membrane. A series of dilutions of infected test samples depicted dark blue precipitate on the nitrocellulose membrane due to the antigen and antibody reaction. This indicated the presence of red rot antigen in the test sample and hence the disease. The DIBA described in this study is simple, rapid and specific for laboratory diagnosis of sugar cane (var. CoC.671) red rot infection in the planting material at an early growth stage

Dac-Elisa Technique for Early Detection of Red Rot Pathogen in Sugarcane var. CoC 671

363-366The sugarcane variety CoC 671 is an early maturing, high sugar content variety in India. Recently, it has become very susceptible to red rot caused by Colletotrichum falcatum Went. To detect the pathogen at an early stage, a new serological technique, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed based on antiserum developed against the protein of host pathogen. Direct antigen coating enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Dac-Elisa) for the early detection of red rot infection has been standardized. Further, this technique was found reliable to screened planting material of sugarcane variety CoC 671 for red rot infection at an earlier stage. Besides, in vitro red rot treated as well as healthy calli were also screened for red rot infection

BACTERIAL CELLULOSE: OPTIMIZED PRODUCTION FROM ACETOBACTER XYLINUM, RHIZOBIUM AND PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA AND THEIR COMPARATIVE STUDY.

<p>Cellulose is an organic compound produced mainly in plants. Bacterial, or microbial, cellulose has different properties from plant cellulose and is characterized by high purity, strength, foldability and increased water holding ability. By controlling synthesis methods, the resulting microbial cellulose can be tailored to have specific desirable properties. With advances in the ability to synthesize and characterize bacterial cellulose, the material is being used for a wide variety of commercial applications including textiles, cosmetics, and food products, as well as medical applications. The objective of the paper is to successfully isolate cellulose from bacteria and study and analyze its characteristics for optimized growth and utilize it to purify waste water obtained from the sewage line, sugar industry effluents and paper industry white water in order to grow the cellulose in natural media and utilize the cellulose in fields like textiles or biomedicine.</p

Understanding Insulin Mechanisms, Economic Implications, and Future Prospects

Diabetes, a persistent metabolic challenge affecting various organs,are of three primary types—Type 1, Type 2, and Gestational—stemming from intricate interplays of genetics and environment. On a global scale, 537 million adults grapple with diabetes, with India experiencing a growing burden. The vital role of insulin in glucose regulation involves a complex biosynthesis process. Economic hurdles, compounded by soaring insulin prices, call for policy interventions to ensure accessible healthcare. Diverse insulin types cater to distinct patient needs, while biosimilars, like the FDA-approved Semglee, offer affordability. Economic analyses underscore the advantages of biosimilars, highlighting the dynamic landscape of diabetes management and treatment costs