High-performance electrochemical CO2 reduction cells based on non-noble metal catalysts

The promise and challenge of electrochemical mitigation of CO2 calls for innovations on both catalyst and reactor levels. In this work, enabled by our high-performance and earth-abundant CO2 electroreduction catalyst materials, we developed alkaline microflow electrolytic cells for energy-efficient, selective, fast, and durable CO2 conversion to CO and HCOO-. With a cobalt phthalocyanine-based cathode catalyst, the CO-selective cell starts to operate at a 0.26 V overpotential and reaches a Faradaic efficiency of 94% and a partial current density of 31 mA/cm2 at a 0.56 V overpotential. With a SnO2-based cathode catalyst, the HCOO--selective cell starts to operate at a 0.76 V overpotential and reaches a Faradaic efficiency of 82% and a partial current density of 113 mA/cm2 at a 1.36 V overpotential. In contrast to previous studies, we found that the overpotential reduction from using the alkaline electrolyte is mostly contributed by a pH gradient near the cathode surface

Supplemental DataSet 1

Processed RNA-Seq Gene Expression Values in FPKM. Expression data was obtained from six angiosperm plant species, from three root development zones (MZ, EZ, and DZ), and with three biological replicates each

Supplemental DataSet 2

GreenPhyl Defined Gene Families. Genes IDs are included for the seven vascular plants in this study that are present in the 18110 families defined by the GreenPhyl database

Supplemental_DataSet10

Supergene Expression and Profile Types. Supergene expression in two development zones (meristematic (M) and overlapping elongation/differentiation (ED)) of seven vascular species and the expression profile types (1 - 5) assigned by EDZ/MZ fold-change for all 18110 GreenPhyl-defined families

Supplemental DataSet 4

Arabidopsis Genes Preferentially Expressed in Root Developmental Zones. List of Arabidopsis genes preferentially expressed in the meristematic, elongation, and differentiation zones of the primary root. Differential expression analysis was performed by edgeR tag-wise dispersion with upper quartile normalization method (FC ≥ 2 and FDR ≤ 0.05)

Supplemental DataSet 6

Supergene Expression in Three Development Zones. The expression in the three zones (meristematic (MZ), elongation (EZ), and differentiation (DZ)) of six angiosperm species and the expression profile types (1 - 9) assigned by fuzzy C-Means clustering are presented for all 18110 GreenPhyl-defined families. Supergene expression was generated by summing all the transcript expressions from the same species within a given family. Type 0 indicated less than 2 fold-change across development zones. NA = no gene present or not root-expressed

Supplemental DataSet 11

Alignment of gene sequences from six angiosperm species. Sequence alignment files are included for each of the phylogenetic trees containing six angiosperm species

Supplemental DataSet 3

Distribution of Root-Expressed Genes by Family. The number of root-expressed and non-expressed genes from each plant species in each of the 18110 GreenPhyl defined families. Root expressed genes were defined as those exhibiting FPKM ≥ 0.5 in at least one root development zone, with at least 2 of 3 independent biological replicates generating reads

Supplemental DataSet 5

Clustering of Root-Expressed Genes. Temporal gene expression profile types were assigned by fuzzy C-means clustering

Switching of the Triplet Excited State of Styryl 2,6-Diiodo-Bodipy and Its Application in Acid-Activatable Singlet Oxygen Photosensitizing

IodoBodipy-styrylBodipy dyads triplet photosensitizers were prepared (<b>B-1</b> and <b>B-2</b>) which contain acid-responsive moiety. Both compounds show broadband visible light absorption, due to the resonance energy transfer (RET) between the two different visible light-harvesting Bodipy units. The photophysical properties of the dyads were studied with steady-state and nanosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy. The production of triplet excited state is switched ON or OFF by protonation/deprotonation of the amino group in the dyads. In the neutral form, the excited state is short-lived (<10 ns) and no singlet oxygen (¹O₂) photosensitizing was observed. Upon protonation, a long-lived triplet excited state was observed (τ_T = 3.1 μs) and the ¹O₂ quantum yield (Φ_Δ) is up to 73.8%. The energy levels of the components of the dyads were changed upon protonation and this energy level tuning exerts significant influence on the triplet state property of the dyad. Acid-activated shuffling of the localization of the triplet excited state between two components of a dyad was observed. Furthermore, we observed a rare example that a chromophore giving shorter absorption wavelength is acting as the singlet energy <i>acceptor</i> in RET. The experimental results were rationalized by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations