Additional file 4: of Objectively recorded physical activity in pregnancy and postpartum in a multi-ethnic cohort: association with access to recreational areas in the neighbourhood

Associations between access to neighbourhood recreational areas and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (minutes/day) including all co-variates. (PDF 233 kb

Additional file 3: of Objectively recorded physical activity in pregnancy and postpartum in a multi-ethnic cohort: association with access to recreational areas in the neighbourhood

Median (25th-75th percentile) MVPA across visits. (PDF 191 kb

Porovnání a průzkum tržních cen zeleniny ve vybraném regionu

This thesis presents a comparison of a survey of prices of vegetables during the winter months in the selected region. The experiment began on November 27.11 2015 and ended March 18.3.2016. For monitoring site was chosen Uherske Hradiste and its surroundings. For the survey and comparison of major vegetables were selected four model objects for which it was every week on Friday in time from 11.00a.m -14.00 p.m. monitored market price, availability and quality of vegetables. The obtained data were then compared with the information ZUČM rapporteur. Evaluation was carried tabular and graphic in MS Office 2007. The result of this work is that high availability was the main vegetable species Tesco supermarket 97.55% and the highest sales prices in the supermarket Billa. The quality of the vegetables in the period was an exception to the Tesco supermarket, very good. The data obtained are aligned with the Information rapporteur ZUČM led to the finding that the cheapest average market price for the entire period are listed in the integrated production advisory ZUČM, except parsley, which was sold in November 0,90Kč cheaper in Albert hypermarket and supermarket Lidl and in January the Lidl supermarket on 9,18Kč cheaper. The final part of the statistics graphically drawn trendlines that showed rising or falling market prices in the period. The result has been a long term decline in prices at the supermarket Tesco carrots , onions and parsley , among other supermarkets , the increase in market prices throughout the period

PLS-DA validation results for dummy matrices of ethnic background at the three visits.

a<p>Excluding South America, n = 12.</p>b<p>S.Asia: South Asia;</p>c<p>E.Asia: East Asia;</p>d<p>ME.CA.NA.: Middle East, Central Asia and North Africa.</p

Selected substances and signals differing between the WHO classes (healthy, diabetes) at visits V1 and V2.

a<p>Visit V1: gestational week 8–20; V2: gestational week 26–30.</p>x<p>Concentrations of unidentified signals in arbitrary units, but nonetheless normalized to creatinine.</p

Development of four influential NMR signals over time.

<p>Proton NMR spectra of all three urine samples from one healthy participant, showing the region between 0.5 and 0.9 ppm; normalized to the creatinine concentration, BXR baseline correction not yet applied in order to preserve the shape of the broader peaks. The four highlighted signals increase from visit V1 (red line, gest. week 8–20) to V2 (green line, gest. week 26–30) and then disappear at V3 (blue line, 10–16 weeks post partum).</p

Selected substances and signals differing between the three graded classes (healthy, GDM with mild hyperglycemia, GDM with pronounced hyperglycemia) at visits V1 and V2.

a<p>Visit V1: gestational week 8–20; V2: gestational week 26–30.</p>b<p>Classification by graded criteria based on modified IADPSG definitions and the HAPO study: Healthy, normoglycemic (G0); GDM with relatively mild hyperglycemia (G1) or with more pronounced hyperglycemia (G2). Thresholds are defined in the Materials section.</p>x<p>Concentrations of unidentified signals in arbitrary units, but nonetheless normalized to creatinine.</p

Ethnic differences in fetal size and growth in non-GDM pregnancies.

<p>Mean difference in z-score for estimated fetal weight (black circles), head circumference (HC, black squares), abdominal circumference (AC, white circles) and femur length/length (white squares), in South Asian non-GDM, compared with European non-GDM pregnancies, at four time points (gestational week 24, 32 and 37 during pregnancy and at birth). Estimates are gestational age specific z-scores extracted from a linear mixed model, adjusted for maternal parity and fetal gender. Ethnic Europeans are reference group, represented by the zero-line.</p

Median concentrations (IQR) of profiled compounds relative to creatinine concentration at the three visits, and patient-wise fold-change between visits.

a<p>While the median (IQR) values are reported on their natural scale, all parametric statistical tests were carried out using the log-transformed, normally distributed variables.</p>b<p>Visit V1: gestational week 8–20; V2: gestational week 26–30; V3∶10–16 weeks post partum.</p>c<p>Urea is affected by NMR water suppression.</p>d<p>Broader spectral signal; measured before subtracting BXR baseline.</p>e<p>Compound very dilute to undetectable in a substantial number of samples; reported concentration may represent noise.</p>f<p>Concentration of creatinine is reported as absolute mM before normalization.</p>g<p>No conclusive identification, quantified as stated.</p>x<p>Concentrations of unidentified signals in arbitrary units, but nonetheless individually normalized to creatinine.</p

Fetal growth trajectories in pregnancies of European and South Asian mothers with and without gestational diabetes, a population-based cohort study

<div><p>Objective</p><p>Our aim was to examine the impact of gestational diabetes (GDM), from before the GDM-diagnosis is made, on fetal growth trajectories, and to compare it in Europeans and South Asians; two ethnic groups with dissimilar fetal growth patterns.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We studied European (n = 349) and South Asian (n = 184) pregnant women, from the population-based STORK-Groruddalen cohort in Oslo, Norway. Mothers were enrolled in early pregnancy, screened for GDM in gestational week 28 ±2, and classified as “non-GDM”, “mild GDM” or “moderate/severe GDM”. We measured fetal head circumference, abdominal circumference and femur length by ultrasound, and estimated fetal weight in gestational week 24, 32 and 37, and performed corresponding measurements at birth.</p><p>Results</p><p>In non-GDM pregnancies, South Asian fetuses (n = 156) had a slower growth from gestational week 24, compared with Europeans (n = 310). More than two thirds of the European mothers later diagnosed with GDM were overweight or obese in early pregnancy, while this was not observed in South Asians. Fetuses of GDM mothers tended to be smaller than fetuses of non-GDM mothers in week 24, but thereafter grew faster until birth. This pattern was especially pronounced in fetuses of South Asian mothers with moderate/severe GDM. In week 24 these fetuses had a -0.95 SD (95% CI: -1.53, -0.36) lower estimated fetal weight than their non-GDM counterparts. In contrast, at birth they were 0.45 SD (0.09, 0.81) larger.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>Offspring of GDM mothers were smaller in mid pregnancy, but subsequently grew faster until birth, compared with offspring of non-GDM mothers. This pattern was most prominent in South Asian mothers with moderate to severe GDM. However, the most remarkable characteristic of these fetuses was not a large size at birth, but the small size in mid pregnancy, before the GDM diagnosis was set.</p></div