Exceptional skull of huayqueriana (mammalia, litopterna, macraucheniidae) from the late miocene of Argentina: Anatomy, systematics, and peleobiological implications

The Huayquerías Formation (Late Miocene, Huayquerian SALMA) is broadly exposed in westcentral Argentina (Mendoza). The target of several major paleontological expeditions in the first half of the 20th century, the Mendozan Huayquerías (badlands) have recently yielded a significant number of new fossil finds. In this contribution we describe a complete skull (IANIGLA-PV 29) and place it systematically as Huayqueriana cf. H. cristata (Rovereto, 1914) (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae). The specimen shares some nonexclusive features with H. cristata (similar size, rostral border of the orbit almost level with distal border of M3, convergence of maxillary bones at the level of the P3/P4 embrasure, flat snout, very protruding orbits, round outline of premaxillary area in palatal view, and small diastemata between I3/C and C/P1). Other differences (e.g., lack of sagittal crest) may or may not represent intraspecific variation. In addition to other features described here, endocast reconstruction utilizing computer tomography (CT) revealed the presence of a derived position of the orbitotemporal canal running below the rhinal fissure along the lateroventral aspect of the piriform lobe. CT scanning also established that the maxillary nerve (CN V2) leaves the skull through the sphenoorbital fissure, as in all other litopterns, a point previously contested for macraucheniids. The angle between the lateral semicircular canal and the plane of the base of the skull is about 26°, indicating that in life the head was oriented much as in modern horses. Depending on the variables used, estimates of the body mass of IANIGLA-PV 29 produced somewhat conflicting results. Our preferred body mass estimate is 250 kg, based on the centroid size of 36 3D cranial landmarks and accompanying low prediction error. The advanced degree of tooth wear in IANIGLA-PV 29 implies that the individual died well into old age. However, a count of cementum lines on the sectioned left M2 is consistent with an age at death of 10 or 11 years, younger than expected given its body mass. This suggests that the animal had a very abrasive diet. Phylogenetic analysis failed to resolve the position of IANIGLA-PV 29 satisfactorily, a result possibly influenced by intraspecific variation. There is no decisive evidence for the proposition that Huayqueriana, or any other litoptern, were foregut fermenters.Fil: Forasiepi, Analia Marta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: MacPhee, Ross D. E.. American Museum Of Natural History; Estados UnidosFil: Hernández del Pino, Santiago Ezequiel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Provincia de Mendoza. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Instituto Argentino de Nivología, Glaciología y Ciencias Ambientales; ArgentinaFil: Schmidt, Gabriela Ines. Provincia de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Producción; ArgentinaFil: Amson, Eli. Universitat Zurich; SuizaFil: Grohé, Camille. American Museum Of Natural History; Estados Unido

Polymorphism At Position -174 Of Il-6 Gene Is Associated With Susceptibility To Chronic Periodontitis In A Caucasian Brazilian Population

Background: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine that mediates inflammatory tissue destruction. A G to C substitution at position -174 in the promoter of IL-6 gene reduces in vitro transcription of IL-6. This polymorphism has been associated with inflammatory diseases like chronic arthritis. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the IL-6-174 polymorphism and susceptibility to chronic periodontitis in Brazilians. Material and Methods: Eighty-four nonsmoking subjects over 25 years (mean age 42.4) were divided according to the severity level of periodontal disease: 36 healthy individuals (control group), 24 subjects with moderate and 24 with severe periodontitis. Genomic DNA was obtained from epithelial cells through a mouthwash with 3% glucose and scraping of oral mucosa. The samples were analyzed for IL-6-174 polymorphism using PCR-RFLP. The significance of the differences in the frequencies of the polymorphism in the control and groups with periodontitis was assessed by x 2 test (p<0.05). Results: Differences were found between control and groups with periodontitis in the genotype (p = 0.0036, OR = 3.0) and in the allele (p = 0.0838, OR = 1.9) frequencies. Conclusion: We concluded that the IL-6-174 polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to chronic periodontitis in the population studied.305438442Armitage, G.C., Wu, Y., Wang, H.-Y., Sorrel, J., Di Giovine, F.S., Duff, G.W., Low prevalence of a periodontitis-associated interleukin-1 composite genotype in individuals of Chinese heritage (2000) Journal of Periodontology, 71, pp. 164-171Atilla, G., Kütükçüler, N., Crevicular fluid interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 levels in renal transplant patients receiving cyclosporine A (1998) Journal of Periodontology, 69, pp. 784-790Boch, J.A., Wara-aswapati, N., Auron, P.E., IL-1 signal transduction - Current concepts and relevance to periodontitis (2001) Journal of Dental Research, 80, pp. 400-407Bozkurt, F.Y., Berker, E., Akkus, S., Bulut, S., Relationship between interleukin-6 levels in gingival crevicular fluid and periodontal status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and adult periodontitis (2000) Journal of Periodontology, 71, pp. 1756-1760Buchs, N., Di Giovine, F.S., Silvestri, T., Vannier, E., Duff, G.W., Miossec, P., IL-1B and IL-1Ra gene polymorphisms and disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis: Interaction with their plasma levels (2001) Genes and Immunology, 2, pp. 222-228Cullinan, M.P., Westerman, B., Palmer, J.E., Faddy, M.J., Seymor, G.J., IL-1 genotype and progression of periodontal disease in an Australian population (2000) Journal of Dental Research, 79. , Abstract. 220Dongari-Bagtzoglou, A.I., Ekersole, J.L., Increased presence of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 secreting fibroblast subpopulations in adult periodontitis (1998) Journal of Periodontology, 69, pp. 899-910Fishman, D., Faulds, G., Jeffery, R., Mohamed-Ali, V., Yudin, J.S., Humphries, S., Woo, P., The effect of novel polymorphism in the interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene on IL-6 transcription and plasma Il-6 levels, and an association with systemic-onset juvenile chronic arthritis (1998) Journal of Clinical Investigation, 102, pp. 1369-1376Fujihashi, K., Kono, Y., Beagley, K.W., Yamamoto, M., McGhee, J.R., Mestecky, J., Kiyono, H., Cytokine and periodontal disease: Immunopathological role of interleukins for B cell response in chronic inflamed gingival tissues (1993) Journal of Periodontology, 64, pp. 400-406Galbraith, G.M.P., Hendley, T.M., Sanders, J.J., Palesch, Y., Pandey, J.P., Polymorphic cytokine genotypes as markers of disease severity in adult periodontitis (1999) Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 26, pp. 705-709Gore, E.A., Sanders, J.P., Pandey, J.P., Palesch, Y., Galbraith, G.M.P., Interleukin-1β+3953 allele 2: Association with disease status in adult periodontitis (1998) Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 25, pp. 781-785Geivelis, M., Turner, D.W., Pederson, E.D., Lamberts, B.L., Measurements of interleukin-6 in gingival crevicular fluid from patients with destructive periodontal disease (1993) Journal of Periodontology, 64, pp. 980-983Grossman, R.M., Krueger, J., Yourish, D., Granelli-Piperno, A., Murphy, D.P., May, L.T., Kupper, T.S., Gottlieb, A.B., Interleukin-6 is expressed in high levels in psoriatic skin and stimulates proliferation of cultured human keratinocytes (1989) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 86, pp. 6367-6371Hirano, T., Akira, S., Taga, T., Kishimoto, T., Biological and clinical aspects of interleukin 6 (1990) Immunology Today, 11, pp. 443-449Hirano, T., Matsuda, T., Turner, M., Miyasaka, N., Buchan, G., Tang, B., Sato, K., Feldmann, M., Excessive production of interleukin-6/ B cell stimulatory factor-2 in rheumatoid arthritis (1988) European Journal of Immunology, 18, pp. 1797-1801Houssiau, F.A., Devogelaer, J., Van Damme, J., Nagant De Deuxchaisnes, C., Van Snick, J., Interleukin-6 in synovial fluid and serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory arthritides (1988) Arthritis and Rheumatism, 31, pp. 784-788Ishimi, Y., Miyaura, C., Jin, C.H., Akatsu, T., Abe, E., Nakamura, Y., Yamaguchi, A., Suda, T., IL-6 is produced by osteoblasts and induces bone resorption (1990) Journal of Immunology, 145, pp. 3297-3303Kamagata, Y., Miyasaka, N., Inoue, H., Hashimoto, J., Iida, M., Cytokine production in inflamed human gingival tissues-interleukin-6 (1989) Journal of Japanese Association of Periodontology., 31, pp. 1081-1087Kono, Y., Beagley, K.W., Fujihashi, K., McGhee, J.R., Taga, T., Hirano, T., Kishimoto, T., Kiyono, H., Cytokine regulation of localized inflammation. Induction of activated B cells and IL-6-mediated polyclonal IgG and IgA synthesis in inflamed human gingiva (1991) Journal of Immunology, 146, pp. 1812-1821Kornman, K.S., Crane, A., Wang, H.-Y., Di Giovine, F.S., Newman, M.G., Pirk, F.W., Wilson Jr., T.G., Duff, G.W., The interleukin-1 genotype as a severity factor in adult periodontal disease (1997) Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 24, pp. 72-77Lotz, M., Jirik, F., Kabouridis, P., Tsoukas, C., Hirano, T., Kishimoto, T., Carson, D.A., B cell stimulating factor 2/interleukin-6 is a costimulant for human thymocytes and T lymphocytes (1988) Journal of Experimental Medicine, 167, pp. 1253-1258Masada, M.P., Persson, R., Kenney, J.S., Lee, S.W., Page, R.C., Allison, A.C., Measurement of interleukin-1α and -1β in gingival crevicular fluid: Implications for the pathogenesis of periodontal disease (1990) Journal of Periodontal Research, 25, pp. 156-163Matsuki, Y., Yamamoto, T., Hara, K., Detection of inflammation cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA)-expressing cells in human inflamed gingiva by combined in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry (1992) Immunology, 76, pp. 42-47McDewitt, M.J., Wang, H.Y., Knobelman, C., Newman, M.G., Di Giovini, F.S., Timms, J., Duff, G.W., Kornman, K.S., Interleukin-1 genetic association with periodontitis in clinical practice (2000) Journal of Periodontology, 71, pp. 156-163McDowell, T.L., Symons, J.A., Ploski, R., Fárre, O., Duff, G.W., A genetic association between juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and a novel interleukin-1 alpha polymorphism (1995) Arthritis and Rheumatism, 38, pp. 221-222Morse, H.R., Olomolaiye, O.O., Wood, N.A.P., Keen, L.J., Bidwell, J.L., Induced heteroduplex genotyping of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 polymorphisms associated with transcriptional regulation (1999) Cytokine, 11, pp. 789-795Olomolaiye, O., Wood, N.A.P., Bidwell, J.L., A novel NlaIII polymorphism in the human IL-6 promoter (1998) European Journal of Immunogenetics, 25, p. 207Papapanou, P.N., Neideud, A.-M., Sandros, J., Dahlén, G., Interleukin-1 gene polymorphism and periodontal status (2001) Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 28, pp. 389-396Pociot, F., Molvig, J., Wogensen, L., Worsaae, H., Nerup, J., A Taq I polymorphism in the human interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) gene correlates with secretions in vitro (1992) European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 22, pp. 396-402Prabhu, A., Michalowicz, B.S., Mathur, A., Detection of local and systemic cytokines in adult periodontitis (1996) Journal of Periodontology, 67, pp. 515-522Ray, A., La Forge, K.S., Sehgal, P.B., On the mechanism for efficient repression of the interleukin-6 promoter by glucocorticoids: Enhancer, TATA box, and RNA start site (Inr motif) occlusion (1990) Molecular and Cellular Biology, 10, pp. 5736-5746Ray, A., Tatter, S.B., May, L.T., Sehgal, P.B., Activation of the human "β2-interferon/ hepatocyte-stimulating factor/ interleukin 6" promoter by cytokines, viruses, and second messenger agonists (1988) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 85, pp. 6701-6705Reinhardt, R.A., Masada, M.P., Kaldahl, W.B., DuBois, L.M., Kornman, K.S., Choi, J.I., Kalkwarf, K.L., Allison, A.C., Gingival fluid IL-1 and IL-6 levels in refractory periodontitis (1993) Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 20, pp. 225-231Revel, M., Host defence against infections of inflammations: Role of the multifunctional IL-6/IFN-beta2 cytokine (1989) Experientia, 45, pp. 549-557Roberts, F.A., Hockett Jr., R.D., Bucy, R.P., Michalek, S.M., Quantitative assessment of inflammatory cytokine gene expression in chronic adult periodontitis (1997) Oral Microbiology and Immunology, 12, pp. 336-344Scarel-Caminaga, R.M., Trevilatto, P.C., Souza, A.P., Brito Jr., R.B., Line, S.R.P., Investigation of an IL-2 polymorphism in patients with different levels of chronic periodontitis (2002) Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 29, pp. 587-591Shirodaria, S., Smith, J., McKay, I.J., Kennet, C.N., Hugh, F.J., Polymorphisms in the IL-1A gene are correlated with levels of interleukin-1 alpha protein in gingival crevicular fluid of teeth with severe periodontal disease (2000) Journal of Dental Research, 79, pp. 1864-1869Takahashi, K., Takashiba, S., Nagai, A., Takigawa, M., Myoukai, F., Kurihara, H., Murayama, Y., Assesment of interleukin-6 in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease (1994) Journal of Periodontology, 65, pp. 147-153Trevilatto, P.C., Line, S.R.P., Use of buccal epithelial cells for PCR amplification of large DNA fragments (2000) Journal of Forensic Odonto-Stomatology, 18, pp. 6-9Wilson, A.G., Symons, J.A., McDowell, T.L., McDewitt, H.O., Duff, G.W., Effects of a polymorphism in the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter on transcriptional activation (1997) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94, pp. 3195-3199Wilton, J.M.A., Bampton, J.L.M., Griffiths, G.S., Curtis, M.A., Life, J.S., Johnson, N.W., Powell, J.R., Critchley, P., Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) levels in gingival crevicular fluid from adults with previous evidence of destructive periodontitis - A cross sectional study (1992) Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 19, pp. 53-57Yasukawa, K., Hirano, T., Watanabe, Y., Muratani, K., Matsuda, T., Nakai, S., Kishimoto, T., Structure and expression of human B cell stimulatory factor-2 (BSF-2/IL-6) gene (1987) The EMBO Journal, 6, pp. 2939-2945Yavuzyilmaz, E., Yamalik, N., Bulut, S., Özen, S., Ersoy, F., Saatçi, Ü., The gingival crevicular fluid interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-a levels in patients with rapidly progressive periodontitis (1995) Australian Dental Journal, 40, pp. 46-4

Comparison Of Three Methods For Enamel Protein Extraction In Different Developmental Phases Of Rat Lower Incisors

Protein extraction methods [urea, trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and acetic acid] were compared for protein recovery from rat incisor developing enamel in the S phase (intermediate/late secretion), M1 phase (early maturation), M2 phase (intermediate maturation), and M3 phase (final maturation). We compared the protein recoveries with the percentage of enamel matrix dry weight burnt off by incineration. Our results indicate that TCA and urea were equally efficient for the extraction of S-stage proteins (85% and 90% recovery, respectively), while urea was the best for M1-stage proteins (92% recovery), and TCA the best for M2-stage (99% recovery) and M3-stage (60% recovery) proteins. The other methods yielded less than 30% recovery in comparison to incineration for M2 and M3 stages. The fact that urea extraction works well in the S and M1 stages and not thereafter is probably related to the changes in the proteins during enamel development and the amount of mineral that needs to be dissolved. TCA is the single method that effectively recovered proteins from all developmental stages of the rat incisor enamel. © Eur J Oral Sci, 2006.114SUPPL. 1272275Glimcher M, J., Levine, P.T., Studies of the proteins, peptides and free amino acids of mature bovine enamel (1966) Biochem J, 98, pp. 742-753Robinson C, Briggs, H.D., Atkinson, P.J., Weatherell, J.A., Chemical composition of human deciduous enamel (1981) Arch Oral Biol, 26, pp. 1027-1033Simmer J, P., Jc-C, H., Expression, structure, and function of enamel proteinases (2002) Connect Tissue Res, 43, pp. 441-449Smith C, E., Pompura, J.R., Borenstein, S., Fazel, A., Nanci, A., Degradation and loss of matrix proteins from developing enamel (1989) Anat Rec, 224, pp. 292-316Brookes S, J., Robinson, C., Kirkham, J., Bonass, W.A., Biochemistry and molecular biology of amelogenin proteins of developing enamel (1995) Arch Oral Biol, 40, pp. 1-14Glimcher M, J., Brichley-Parsons, D., Levine, P.T., Studies of enamel proteins during maturation (1977) Calcif Tissue Res, 24, pp. 259-270Glimcher M, J., Friberg, U.A., Levine, P.T., The isolation and amino acid composition of the enamel proteins of erupted bovine teeth (1964) Biochem J, 93, pp. 202-210Termine J, D., Belcourt, A.B., Christner, P.J., Conn, K.N., Nylen, M.U., Properties of dissociatively extracted fetal tooth matrix proteins. I. Principal molecular species in developing bovine enamel (1980) J Biol Chem, 255, pp. 9760-9768Belcourt A, B., Fincham, A.G., Termine, J.D., Bovine high molecular weight amelogenin proteins (1983) Calcif Tissue Int, 32, pp. 111-114Fincham A, G., Belcourt, A.B., Lyaruu, D.M., Termine, J.D., Comparative protein biochemistry of developing dental enamel matrix from five mammalian species (1982) Calcif Tissue Int, 34, pp. 182-189Fukae M, Shimizu, M., Studies on the proteins developing bovine enamel (1974) Arch Oral Biol, 19, pp. 381-386Bensadoun A, Weinstein, D., Assay of proteins in the presence of interfering materials (1976) Anal Biochem, 70, pp. 241-150Bradford M, M., A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding (1976) Anal Biochem, 72, pp. 248-254Laemmli U, K., Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4 (1970) Nature, 227, pp. 680-685Rosenberg I, M., (1996) Protein Analysis and Purification: Benchtop Techniques, 1st Edn.Smith C, E., Cellular and chemical events during enamel maturation (1998) Crit Rev Oral Biol Med, 9, pp. 128-161Moradian-Oldak J, Tan, J., Fincham, A.G., Interaction of amelogenin with hydroxyapatite crystals: An adherence effect through amelogenin molecular self association (1998) Biopolymers, 46, pp. 225-238Seyer J, M., Glimcher, M.J., Evidence for the presence of numerous protein components in immature bovine dental enamel (1977) Calcif Tiss Res, 24, pp. 253-25

Evaluation Of The Relationship Between Interleukin-i Gene Cluster Polymorphisms And Early Implant Failure In Non-smoking Patients

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between specific polymorphisms of the interleukin-1 gene cluster and the early failure of osseointegrated implants. Material and methods: The subject population was composed by a test group comprising 28 non-smoking patients (mean age 52.7) that had suffered one or more early implant failures and by a control group consisting of 34 individuals (mean age 43.3) with one or more healthy implants. Genomic DNA from buccal mucosa was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and submitted to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to distinguish the alleles of the interleukin-1A (-889), interleukin-1B (+3953), interleukin-1B (-511) and interleukin-RN (intron 2) gene polymorphisms. Differences in the allele and genotype frequencies between control and test groups were assessed by χ2 test or by Monte Carlo simulations (P<0.05). Haplotype frequencies, linkage disequilibrium and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were also estimated. Results: No statistically significant differences were found in the genotype distribution or allelic frequencies of the polymorphisms. No differences were observed between control and test groups when different interleukin-1 gene cluster haplotypes were compared. Nevertheless, the interleukin-1A (-889) and interleukin-1B (+3953) polymorphic sites were in strong linkage disequilibrium (P = 0.00014 for control group and P = 0.0238 for the test group). Conclusion: This study suggests that polymorphisms in the interleukin-1 gene cluster are not associated with early implant failure in a non-smoking Brazilian population. Copyright © Blackwell Munksgaard 2004.162194201Adell, R., Eriksson, B., Lekholm, U., Branemark, P.I., Jemt, T., Long-term follow-up study of osseointegrated implants in the treatment of totally edentulous jaws (1990) International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants, 5, pp. 347-359Armitage, G.C., Wu, Y., Wang, H.Y., Sorrell, J., Di Giovine, F.S., Duff, G.W., Low prevalence of a periodontitis-associated interleukin-1 composite genotype in individuals of Chinese heritage (2000) Journal of Periodontology, 71, pp. 164-171Ayres, M., (1998) BioEstat: Statistical Applications in the Area of Medical and Biological Sciences (BioEstat: Aplicações Estatísticas Nas Áreas Das Ciências Biológicas e Médicas), , Manaus, Brazil: Sociedade Civil Mamirauá, MCT-CNPqBoiardi, L., Salvarani, C., Timms, J.M., Silvestri, T., Macchioni, P.L., Di Giovine, F.S., Interleukin-1 cluster and tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene polymorphisms in polymyalgia rheumatica (2000) Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology, 18, pp. 675-681Buchs, N., Di Giovine, F.S., Silvestri, T., Vannier, E., Duff, G.W., Miossec, P., IL-1B and IL-1Ra gene polymorphisms and disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis: Interaction with their plasma levels (2001) Genes and Immunity, 2, pp. 222-228Caffesse, R.G., De La Rosa, R.M., De La Rosa, G.M., Interleukin-1 gene polymorphism in a well-maintained periodontal patient population (2002) Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences, 1, pp. 1-6Cork, M.J., Crane, A.M., Duff, G.W., Genetic control of cytokines. Cytokine gene polymorphisms in alopecia areata (1996) Dermatologic Clinics, 14, pp. 671-678Danis, V.A., Millington, M., Hyland, V.J., Grennan, D., Cytokine production by normal human monocytes: Inter-subject variation and relationship to an IL-1 receptor-antagonist (IL-1Ra) gene polymorphism (1995) Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 99, pp. 303-310Deas, D.E., Mikotowicz, J.J., Mackey, S.A., Moritz, A.J., Implant failure with spontaneous rapid exfoliation: Case reports (2002) Implant Dentistry, 11, pp. 235-242Di Giovine, F.S., Takhsh, E., Blackmore, A.L., Duff, G.W., Single base polymorphism at - 511 in the human interleukin-1β gene (IL-1β) (1992) Human Molecular Genetics, 1, p. 450Diehl, S.R., Wang, Y., Brooks, C.N., Burmeister, J.A., Califano, J.V., Wang, S., Schenkein, H.A., Linkage disequilibrium of interleukin-1 genetic polymorphisms with early-onset periodontitis (1999) Journal of Periodontology, 70, pp. 418-430Dinarello, C.A., Interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 antagonism (1991) Blood, 77, pp. 1627-1652Dinarello, C.A., Biologic basis for Interleukin-1 in disease (1996) Blood, 87, pp. 2095-2147Engebretson, S.P., Lamster, I.B., Herrera-Abreu, M., Celenti, R.S., Timms, J.M., Chaudhary, A.G., Di Giovine, F.S., Kornman, K.S., The influence of interleukin gene polymorphism on expression of interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in periodontal tissue and gingival crevicular fluid (1999) Journal of Periodontology, 70, pp. 567-573Esposito, M., Hirsch, J.M., Lekholm, U., Thomsen, P., Biological factors contributing to failures of osseointegrated oral implants. (I). Success criteria and epidemiology (1998) European Journal of Oral Sciences, 106, pp. 527-551Esposito, M., Hirsch, J.M., Lekholm, U., Thomsen, P., Biological factors contributing to failures of osseointegrated oral implants. (II). Etiopathogenesis (1998) European Journal of Oral Sciences, 106, pp. 721-764Feloutzis, A., Lang, N.P., Tonetti, M.S., Burgin, W., Bragger, U., Buser, D., Duff, G.W., Kornman, K.S., IL-1 gene polymorphism and smoking as risk factors for peri-implant bone loss in a wellmaintained population (2003) Clinical Oral Implants Research, 14, pp. 10-17Gemmell, E., Marshall, R.I., Seymour, G.J., Cytokines and prostaglandins in immune homeostasis and tissue destruction in periodontal disease (1997) Periodontology 2000, 14, pp. 112-143Genco, R.J., Host responses in periodontal diseases: Current concepts (1992) Journal of Periodontology, 63, pp. 338-355Gore, E.A., Sanders, J.J., Pandey, J.P., Palesch, Y., Galbraith, G.M., Interleukin-1beta + 3953 allele 2: Association with disease status in adult periodontitis (1998) Journal of Clinical Penodontology, 25, pp. 781-785Greenstein, G., Hart, T.C., A critical assessment of interleukin-1 (IL-1) genotyping when used in a genetic susceptibility test for severe chronic periodontitis (2002) Journal of Periodontology, 73, pp. 231-247Heresbach, D., Alizadeh, M., Dabadie, A., Le Berre, N., Colombel, J.F., Yaouanq, J., Bretagne, J.F., Semana, G., Significance of interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist genetic polymorphism in inflammatory bowel diseases (1997) American Journal of Gastroenterology, 92, pp. 1164-1169Hurme, M., Santtila, S., IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) plasma levels are co-ordinately regulated by both IL-1Ra and IL-1beta genes (1998) European Journal of Immunology, 28, pp. 2598-2602Hutton, J.E., Heath, M.R., Chai, J.Y., Harnett, J., Jemt, T., Johns, R.B., McKenna, S., Taylor, R., Factors related to success and failure rates at 3-year follow-up in a multicenter study of overdentures supported by Branemark implants (1995) International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants, 10, pp. 33-42(2000) Brasil: 500 Anos de Povoamento, , Rio de Janeiro: IBGEKao, R.T., Curtis, D.A., Richards, D.W., Preble, J., Increased interleukin-1 beta in the crevicular fluid of diseased implants (1995) International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants, 10, pp. 696-701Karjalainen, J., Nieminen, M.M., Aromaa, A., Klaukka, T., Hurme, M., The IL-1beta genotype carries asthma susceptibility only in men (2002) The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 109, pp. 514-516Kornman, K.S., Crane, A., Wang, H.Y., Di Giovine, F.S., Newman, M.G., Pirk, F.W., Wilson, T.G., Duff, G.W., The interleukin-1 genotype as a severity factor in adult periodontal disease (1997) Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 24, pp. 72-77Lekholm, U.G.J., Henry, P., Higuchi, K., Linden, U., Bergstrom, C., Van Steenberghe, D., Survival of the Branemark implant in partially edentulous jaws: A 0-10 year prospective multicenter study (1999) International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants, 14, pp. 636-645Lennard, A.C., Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (1995) Critical Reviews in Immunology, 15, pp. 77-105Listgarten, M.A., Lang, 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K.S., Interleukin-1 genetic association with periodontitis in clinical practice (2000) Journal of Periodontology, 71, pp. 156-163McDowell, T.L., Symons, J.A., Ploski, R., Fárre, O., Duff, G.W., A genetic association between juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and a novel interleukin-1 alpha polymorphism (1995) Arthritis and Rheumatism, 38, pp. 221-222Nemetz, A., Nosti-Escanilla, M.P., Molnar, T., Kope, A., Kovacs, A., Feher, J., Tulassay, Z., Pena, A.S., IL-1B gene polymorphisms influence the course and severity of inflammatory bowel disease (1999) Immunogenetics, 49, pp. 527-531Nguyen, L., Dewhirst, F.E., Hauschka, P.V., Stashenko, P., Interleukin-1 beta stimulates bone resorption and inhibits bone formation in vivo (1991) Lymphokine and Cytokine Research, 10, pp. 15-21Nicklin, M.J., Weith, A., Duff, G.W., A physical map of the region encompassing the human interleukin-1 alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist genes (1994) Genomics, 19, pp. 382-384Panagakos, F.S., Aboyoussef, H., Dondero, R., Jandinski, J.J., Detection and measurement of inflammatory cytokines in implant crevicular fluid: A pilot study (1996) International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants, 11, pp. 794-799Papapanou, P.N., Neiderud, A.M., Sandros, J., Dahlen, G., Interleukin-1 gene polymorphism and periodontal status. 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(2002) Journal of Periodontology, 37, pp. 37-41Salcetti, J.M., Moriarty, J.D., Cooper, L.F., Smith, F.W., Collins, J.G., Socransky, S.S., Offenbacher, S., The clinical, microbial, and host response characteristics of the failing implant (1997) International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants, 12, pp. 32-42Sanguinetti, C.J., Dias, E.N., Simpson, A.J.G., Rapid silver staining and recovery of PCR products separated on polyacrylamide gels (1994) Biotechniques, 17, pp. 915-919Santilla, S., Savinainen, K., Hurme, M., Presence of the IL-1RA allele 2 (IL-1RN*2) is associated with enhanced IL-1 beta production in vitro (1998) Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 47, pp. 195-198Santos, M.C.L.G., Campos, M.I.G., Line, S.R.P., Early dental implant failure: A review of literature (2002) Brazilian Journal of Oral Sciences, 1, pp. 103-111Schneider, S., Roessli, D., Excoffier, E., (2000) ARLEQUIM Ver. 2000: A Software for Population Genetic Data Analysis, , University of Geneva, Switzerland: Genetics and Biometry LaboratorySchwartz, Z., Lohmann, C.H., Cochran, D.L., Sylvia, V.L., Dean, D.D., Boyan, B.D., Bone regulating mechanisms on implant surfaces (1999) Proceedings of the 3rd European Workshop on Periodontology: Implant Dentistry. 1st Edition, pp. 41-54. , Lang, N.P., Karring, T. & Lindhe, J., eds., Chicago: Quintessence PublishingSham, P.C., Curtis, D., Monte Carlo tests for associations between disease and alleles at highly polymorphic loci (1995) Annals of Human Genetics, 59, pp. 97-105Shirodaria, S., Smith, J., McKay, I.J., Kennet, C.N., Hugh, F.J., Polymorphisms in the IL-1A gene are correlated with levels of interleukin-1 alpha protein in gingival crevicular fluid of teeth with severe periodontal disease (2000) Journal of Dental Research, 79, pp. 1864-1869Stashenko, P., Dewhirst, F.E., Peros, W.J., Kent, R.L., Ago, J.M., Synergistic interactions between interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor, and lymphotoxin in bone resorption (1987) Journal of Immunology, 138, pp. 1464-1468Takamatsu, M., Yamauchi, M., Maezawa, Y., Saito, S., Maeyama, S., Uchikoshi, T., Genetic polymorphisms of interleukin-1 beta in association with the development of alcoholic liver disease in Japanese patients (2000) American Journal of Gastroenterology, 95, pp. 1305-1311Tarlow, J.K., Blakemore, A.I.F., Lennard, A., Solari, R., Steinkasserer, A., Duff, G.W., Polymorphism in human IL-1 receptor antagonist gene intron 2 is caused by variable numbers of an 86-bp tandem repeat (1993) Human Genetics, 91, pp. 403-404Tatakis, D.N., Interleukin-1 and bone metabolism: A review (1993) Journal of Periodontology, 64, pp. 416-431Trevilatto, P.C., Line, S.R.P., Use of buccal epithelial cells for PCR amplification of large DNA fragments (2000) Journal of Forensic Odonto-Stomatology, 18, pp. 6-9Tsutsui, T., Kawaguchi, H., Fujino, A., Sakai, A., Kaji, H., Nakamura, T., Exposure of macrophage-like cells to titanium particles does not affect bone resorption, but inhibits bone formation (1999) Journal of Orthopedic Science, 4, pp. 32-38Walker, S.J., Van Dyke, T.E., Rich, S., Kornman, K.S., Di Giovine, F.S., Hart, T.C., Genetic polymorphisms of the IL-1alpha and IL-1beta genes in African-American LJP patients and an African-American control population (2000) Journal of Periodontology, 71, pp. 723-728Weyant, R.J., Burt, B.A., An assessment of survival rates and within-patient clustering of failures for endosseous oral implants (1993) Journal of Dental Research, 72, pp. 2-8Wilson Jr., T.G., Nunn, M., The relationship between the interleukin-1 periodontal genotype and implant loss. Initial Data (1999) Journal of Periodontology, 70, pp. 724-72

Frequencies Of The -330 (t → G) Il-2 And -590 (t → C) Il-4 Gene Polymorphisms In A Population From South-eastern Brazil

Polymorphisms in the promoter regions of cytokine genes may affect their transcription. A T/G substitution at position?330 of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene and a T/C substitution at position -590 of the interleukin-4 (IL-4) gene have been described previously. The -590 (T → C) IL-4 gene polymorphism was associated with asthma and atopy in US and Japanese populations. Population genetics is a useful tool for determination of the biological significance of genetic polymorphisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequencies of polymorphisms in the promoter regions of the IL-2 and IL-4 genes in a population from south-eastern Brazil and to compare them with those published for other populations. Allele frequencies were estimated in 114 unrelated individuals from São Paulo State. These subjects had an average age of 41.2 years (± 12.4 years) and the ethnic composition of the sample was: 78.07% Caucasian, 11.4% Black and 10.53% Mulatto. DNA from subjects was extracted from epithelial buccal cells, and the PCR-RFLP technique was employed to investigate the -330 (T → G) IL-2 and -590 (T → C) IL-4 gene polymorphisms. The allele frequency of the IL-2 gene polymorphism obtained in our study was similar to that found in UK Caucasoid groups. The T allele frequency of the IL-4 gene polymorphism observed in the Caucasian Brazilian group was similar to that found in UK and Australian populations, while the frequency observed for the Black Brazilian group was similar to that found in Japanese and Kuwaiti Arab populations. The results for the -330 (T → G) IL-2 and -590 (T → C) IL-4 polymorphisms are consistent with the high contribution of European lineages to the population in south-eastern Brazil.294293296Alves-Silva, J., Da Silva Santos, M., Guimaraes, P.E.M., Ferreira, A.C.S., Bandelt, H.-J., Pena, S.D.J., Prado, V.P., The ancestry of Brazilian mtDNA lineages (2000) American Journal of Human Genetics, 67, p. 444Arpini-Sampaio, Z., Costa, M.C.B., Melo, A.A., Carvalho, M.F.V.A., Deus, M.S.M., Simões, A.L., Genetic polymorphisms and ethnic admixture in African-derived Black communities of Notheastern Brazil (1999) Human Biology, 71, p. 69Callegari-Jacques, S.M., Salzano, F.M., Brazilian Indian/non-Indian interactions and their effects (1999) Ciência e Cultura, 51, p. 166Carvalho-Silva, D.R., Santos, F.R., Rocha, J., Pena, S.D., The phylogeography of Brazilian Y-chromosome lineages (2001) American Journal of Human Genetics, 68, p. 281Chen, Y.S., Torroni, A., Excoffier, L., Santachiara-Benerecetti, A.S., Wallace, D.C., Analysis of mtDNA variation in African populations reveals the most ancient of all human continent-specific haplogroups (1995) American Journal of Human Genetics, 57, p. 133Constans, J., DNA and protein polymorphism: Application to anthropology and human genetics (1988) Anthropologischer Anzeiger, 46, p. 97Faucz, F.R., Probst, C.M., Petzl-Erler, M.L., Polymorphism of LMP2 and TAP1, LMP7 and TAP2 in Brazilian Amerindians and Caucasoids: Implications for the evolution of allelic and haplotypic diversity (2000) European Journal of Immunogenetics, 27, p. 5Hijazi, Z., Haider, M.Z., Interleukin-4 gene promoter polymorphism [C590T] and asthma in Kuwaiti Arabs (2000) International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 122, p. 190(2000) Brasil: 500 anos de Povoamento, , IBGE, Rio de JaneiroJohn, S., Turner, D., Donn, R., Sinnot, P., Worthington, J., Ollier, W.E.R., Hutchinson, I.V., Hajeer, A.H., Two novel biallelic polymorphism in the IL-2 gene (1998) European Journal of Immunogenetics, 25, p. 419Kornman, K.S., Crane, A., Wang, H.-Y., Di Giovine, F.S., Newman, M.G., Pirk, F.W., Wilson T.G., Jr., Duff, G.W., The interleukin-1 genotype as a severity factor in adult periodontal disease (1997) Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 24, p. 72Lazarus, M., Hajeer, A.H., Turner, D., Sinnott, P., Worthington, J., Ollier, W.E.R., Hutchinson, I.V., Genetic variation in the interleukin-10 gene promoter and systemic lupus erythematosus (1997) Journal of Rheumatology, 24, p. 2314Noguchi, E., Shibasaki, M., Arinami, T., Takeda, K., Yokouchi, Y., Kawashima, T., Yanagi, H., Hamaguchi, H., Association of asthma and the interleukin-4 promoter gene in Japanese (1998) Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 28, p. 449Probst, C.M., Bompeixe, E.P., Pereira, N.F., De Dalalio, M.M.O., Visentainer, J.E.I., Tsuneto, L.T., Petzl-Erler, M.L., HLA polymorphism and evaluation of European, African and Am erindian contribution to the white and mulatto populations from Paraná, Brazil (2000) Human Biology, 72, p. 597Reynard, M.P., Turner, D., Navarrete, C.V., Allele frequencies of polymorphisms of the tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-10, interferon-γ and interleukin-2 genes in a North European Caucasoid group from the UK (2000) European Journal of Immunogenetics, 27, p. 241Rosenwasser, L.J., Klemm, D.J., Dresback, J.K., Promoter polymorphisms in the chromosome 5 gene cluster in asthma and atopy (1995) Clinical and Experimental Allergy, 25 (SUPPL. 2), p. 74Scarel, R.M., Trevilatto, P.C., Di Hipólito O., Jr., Camargo, L.E.A., Line, S.R.P., Absence of mutations in the homeodomain of the MSX1 gene in patients with hypodontia (2000) American Journal of Medical Genetics, 92, p. 346Scarel-Caminaga, R.M., Trevilatto, P.C., Souza, A.P., Brito R.B., Jr., Line, S.R.P., Investigation of an IL-2 polymorphism in patients with different levels of chronic periodontitis (2002) Journal of Clinical Periodontology, , in pressSoares, J.F., Siqueira, A.L., (1999) Introdução á Estatística Médica, , Departamento de Estatística, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, BrazilTrevilatto, P.C., Line, S.R.P., Use of buccal epithelial cells for PCR amplification of large DNA fragments (2000) Journal of Forensic Odonto-Stomatology, 31, p. 393Walley, A.J., Cookson, W.O.C.M., Investigation of an interleukin-4 promoter polymorphism for associations with asthma and atopy (1996) Journal of Medical Genetics, 33, p. 689Woolf, B., On estimating the relation between blood groups and disease (1955) Annals of Human Genetics, 19, p. 25

G-quadruplex Formation Enhances Splicing Efficiency Of Pax9 Intron 1

G-quadruplexes are secondary structures present in DNA and RNA molecules, which are formed by stacking of G-quartets (i.e., interaction of four guanines (G-tracts) bounded by Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding). Human PAX9 intron 1 has a putative G-quadruplex-forming region located near exon 1, which is present in all known sequenced placental mammals. Using circular dichroism (CD) analysis and CD melting, we showed that these sequences are able to form highly stable quadruplex structures. Due to the proximity of the quadruplex structure to exon–intron boundary, we used a validated double-reporter splicing assay and qPCR to analyze its role on splicing efficiency. The human quadruplex was shown to have a key role on splicing efficiency of PAX9 intron 1, as a mutation that abolished quadruplex formation decreased dramatically the splicing efficiency of human PAX9 intron 1. The less stable, rat quadruplex had a less efficient splicing when compared to human sequences. Additionally, the treatment with 360A, a strong ligand that stabilizes quadruplex structures, further increased splicing efficiency of human PAX9 intron 1. Altogether, these results provide evidences that G-quadruplex structures are involved in splicing efficiency of PAX9 intron 1.13413744Burge, S., Parkinson, G.N., Hazel, P., Quadruplex DNA: sequence, topology and structure (2006) Nucleic Acids Res, 34, pp. 5402-5415. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xht1Srt7fM, PID: 17012276Bustin, S.A., Benes, V., Garson, J.A., The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments (2009) Clin Chem, 55, pp. 611-622. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXktVWqs7g%3D, PID: 19246619Cian, A.D., Guittat, L., Kaiser, M., Fluorescence-based melting assays for studying quadruplex ligands (2007) Methods, 42, pp. 183-195. , PID: 17472900Darby, R.A.J., High throughput measurement of duplex, triplex and quadruplex melting curves using molecular beacons and a lightCycler (2002) Nucleic Acids Res, 30, pp. e39-e39. , PID: 11972354Didiot, M.-C., Tian, Z., Schaeffer, C., The G-quartet containing FMRP binding site in FMR1 mRNA is a potent exonic splicing enhancer (2008) Nucleic Acids Res, 36, pp. 4902-4912. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtVGkt7zE, PID: 18653529Eddy, J., Maizels, N., Conserved elements with potential to form polymorphic G-quadruplex structures in the first intron of human genes (2008) Nucleic Acids Res, 36, pp. 1321-1333. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXislKiur0%3D, PID: 18187510Engelbrecht, J., Knudsen, S., Brunak, S., G+C-rich tract in 5′ end of human introns (1992) J Mol Biol, 227, pp. 108-113. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK38Xmt1Onu7w%3D, PID: 1522582Fisette, J.F., Montagna, D.R., Mihailescu, M.R., Wolfe, M.S., A G-rich element forms a G-quadruplex and regulates BACE1 mRNA alternative splicing (2012) J Neurochem, 121, pp. 763-773. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhtVGltrvL, PID: 22303960Gomez, D., Lemarteleur, T., Lacroix, L., Telomerase downregulation induced by the G-quadruplex ligand 12459 in A549 cells is mediated by hTERT RNA alternative splicing (2004) Nucleic Acids Res, 32, pp. 371-379. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtlKgt7g%3D, PID: 14729921Gomez, D., Guédin, A., Mergny, J.-L., A G-quadruplex structure within the 5′-UTR of TRF2 mRNA represses translation in human cells (2010) Nucleic Acids Res, 38, pp. 7187-7198. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVektr7I, PID: 20571083Granotier, C., Pennarun, G., Riou, L., Preferential binding of a G-quadruplex ligand to human chromosome ends (2005) Nucleic Acids Res, 33, pp. 4182-4190. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXpslOnt74%3D, PID: 16052031Hai, Y., Cao, W., Liu, G., A G-tract element in apoptotic agents-induced alternative splicing (2008) Nucleic Acids Res, 36, pp. 3320-3331. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXmvFWnsrY%3D, PID: 18440980Huppert, J.L., Balasubramanian, S., Prevalence of quadruplexes in the human genome (2005) Nucleic Acids Res, 33, pp. 2908-2916. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXkvVSgsL0%3D, PID: 15914667Kollmus, H., Flohe, L., McCarthy, J.E.G., Analysis of eukaryotic mRNA structures directing cotranslational incorporation of selenocysteine (1996) Nucleic Acids Res, 24, pp. 1195-1201. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK28XisVagur8%3D, PID: 8614619Kumari, S., Bugaut, A., Huppert, J.L., Balasubramanian, S., An RNA G-quadruplex in the 5′ UTR of the NRAS proto-oncogene modulates translation (2007) Nat Chem Biol, 3, pp. 218-221. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXjtFKnsrw%3D, PID: 17322877Lemarteleur, T., Gomez, D., Paterski, R., Stabilization of the c-myc gene promoter quadruplex by specific ligands’ inhibitors of telomerase (2004) Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 323, pp. 802-808. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXnslKnurw%3D, PID: 15381071Marcel, V., Tran, P.L.T., Sagne, C., G-quadruplex structures in TP53 intron 3: role in alternative splicing and in production of p53 mRNA isoforms (2011) Carcinogenesis, 32, pp. 271-278. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXivVOgtbg%3D, PID: 21112961McCullough, A.J., Berget, S.M., G triplets located throughout a class of small vertebrate introns enforce intron borders and regulate splice site selection (1997) Mol Cel Biol, 17, pp. 4562-4571McCullough, A.J., Berget, S.M., An intronic splicing enhancer binds U1 snRNPs to enhance splicing and select 5′ splice sites (2000) Mol Cel Biol, 20, pp. 9225-9235. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXivVamu7s%3D, (Updated)Mergny, J., Lacroix, L., Hounsou, C., Guittat, L., Telomerase inhibitors based on quadruplex ligands selected by a fluorescence assay (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci, 98, pp. 3062-3067Monchaud, D., Telaude-Fichou, M.P., A hitchhiker’ s guide to G-quadruplex ligands (2008) Org Biomol Chem, 6, pp. 627-636. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhs1yksLs%3D, PID: 18264563Monchaud, D., Allain, C., Bertrand, H., Ligands playing musical chairs with G-quadruplex DNA: a rapid and simple displacement assay for identifying selective G-quadruplex binders (2008) Biochimie, 90, pp. 1207-1223. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXptVWltL0%3D, PID: 18343231Nasim, M.T., Eperon, I.C., A double-reporter splicing assay for determining splicing efficiency in mammalian cells (2006) Nat Protoc, 1, pp. 1022-1028. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtFOitb%2FE, PID: 17406339Pennarun, G., Granotier, C., Gauthier, L.R., Apoptosis related to telomere instability and cell cycle alterations in human glioma cells treated by new highly selective G-quadruplex ligands (2005) Oncogene, 24, pp. 2917-2928. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXjsVeqtr0%3D, PID: 15735722Peres, R.C.R., Scarel-Caminaga, R.M., do Espírito Santo, A.R., Line, S.R.P., Association between PAX-9 promoter polymorphisms and hypodontia in humans (2005) Arch Oral Biol, 50, pp. 861-871. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXpslartrg%3D, PID: 16137495Peters, H., Neubuser, A., Kratochwil, K., Balling, R., Pax9-deficient mice lack pharyngeal pouch derivatives and teeth and exhibit craniofacial and limb abnormalities (1998) Genes Dev, 12, pp. 2735-2747. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXlvFOjtLg%3D, PID: 9732271Rachwal, P.A., Fox, K.R., Quadruplex melting (2007) Methods, 43, pp. 291-301. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXht1amurnP, PID: 17967699Ramenzoni, L.L., Saito, C.P.B., McCormick, J.J., Line, S.R.P., Transcriptional activity analysis of promoter region of human PAX9 gene under dexamethasone, retinoic acid, and ergocalciferol treatment in MCF-7 and MDPC23 (2010) Cell Biochem Funct, 28, pp. 555-564. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVeisbfK, PID: 20941745Rcore, T., (2012) R: A language and environment for statistical computing, , R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna:Risitano, A., Fox, K.R., Stability of intramolecular DNA quadruplexes: comparison with DNA duplexes (2003) Biochemistry, 42, pp. 6507-6513. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXjsVOhur8%3D, PID: 12767234Risitano, A., Fox, K.R., Influence of loop size on the stability of intramolecular DNA quadruplexes (2004) Nucleic Acids Res, 32, pp. 2598-2606. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXktVahsb0%3D, PID: 15141030Sirand-Pugnet, P., Durosay, P., Brody, E., Marie, J., An intronic (A/U)GGG repeat enhances the splicing of an alternative intron of the chicken β-tropomyosin pre-mRNA (1995) Nucleic Acids Res, 23, pp. 3501-3507. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXotlKgsLs%3D, PID: 7567462Smirnov, I., Shafer, R.H., Effect of loop sequence and size on DNA Aptamer stability (2000) Biochemistry, 39, pp. 1462-1468. , COI: 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXksFyhsQ%3D%3D, PID: 1068462

Analysis Of The Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Gene Promoter Polymorphisms In Early Osseointegrated Implant Failure

Transforming growth factor-β1 is a multifunctional cytokine involved in extracellular matrix deposition, reduction of inflammation, and promotion of wound healing. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter region of human transforming growth factor-β1 gene, C-509T and G-800A, have been shown to increase the transcriptional activity of this cytokine and have been associated with a variety of diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate the possible association between these single nucleotide polymorphisms and the early implant failure. A sample of 68 nonsmoking patients was divided into two groups: a test group comprising 28 patients with one or more early failed implants and a control group consisting of 40 individuals with one or more healthy implants. Genomic DNA from oral mucosa was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism. The significance of the differences in observed frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms was assessed using the chi square test and Fisher's exact test. The cited single nucleotide polymorphisms in transforming growth factor-β1 were analyzed in combination as haplotype using the computer program ARLEQUIN. The authors did not observe significant differences in the allele and genotypes to both single nucleotide polymorphisms of transforming growth factor-β, gene (C-509T and G-800A) between control and early implant failure groups. The distribution of the haplotypes arranged as allele and genotypes were similar between control and test groups. These results indicate that C-509T and G-800A polymorphisms in the transforming growth factor-β1 gene are not associated separately or in haplotype combinations with early implant failure, suggesting that the presence of those single nucleotide polymorphisms alone do not constitute a genetic risk factor for early implant failure in the Brazilian population.133262269Massagué, J., The transforming growth factor-β family (1990) Annu Rev Cell Biol, 6, pp. 597-641Syrris, P., Carter, N.D., Metcalfe, J.C., Transforming growth factor-beta1 gene polymorphisms and coronary artery disease (1998) Clin Sci (Lond), 95, pp. 659-667Derynck, R., Jarrett, J.A., Chen, E.Y., Human transforming growth factor-beta complementary DNA sequence and expression in normal and transformed cells (1985) Nature, 316, pp. 701-705Pulleyn, L.J., Newton, R., Adcock, I.M., TGFbeta1 allele association with asthma severity (2001) Hum Genet, 109, pp. 623-627Lácha, J., Hubacek, J.A., Potmesil, P., TGF-beta I gene polymorphism in heart transplant recipients-effect on renal function (2001) Ann Transplant, 6, pp. 39-43Wang, D., Kanuma, T., Mizunuma, H., Analysis of specific gene mutations in the transforming growth factor-beta signal transduction pathway in human ovarian cancer (2000) Cancer Res, 60, pp. 4507-4512Polyak, K., Negative regulation of cell growth by TGF-beta1 (1996) Biochim Biophys Acta, 1242, pp. 185-199De Martin, R., Haendler, B., Hoferwarbinek, R., Complementary DNA for human glioblastoma-derived T cell suppressor factor, a novel member of the transforming growth factor-beta gene family (1987) EMBO J, 6, pp. 3673-3677Wrann, M., Bodmer, S., De Martin, R., T cell suppressor factor from human glioblastoma cells is a 12.5-kd protein closely related to transforming growth factor-beta (1987) EMBO J, 6, pp. 1633-1636Ignotz, R.A., Massague, J., Cell adhesion protein receptors as targets for transforming growth factor-beta action (1987) Cell, 51, pp. 189-197Mustoe, T.A., Pierce, G.F., Thomason, A., Accelerated healing of incisional wounds in rats induced by transforming growth factor-beta (1987) Science, 237, pp. 1333-1336Fujii, D., Brissenden, J.E., Derynck, R., Transforming growth factor beta gene maps to human chromosome 19 long arm and to mouse chromosome 7 (1986) Somat Cell Mol Genet, 12, pp. 281-288Cambien, F., Ricard, S., Troesch, A., Polymorphisms of the transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene in relation to myocardial infarction and blood pressure (1996) Hypertension, 28, pp. 881-887Thompson, M.W., Mclnnes, R.R., Willard, H.F., (1991) Genetics in Medicine. 5th Ed., , Philadelphia: Thompson & ThompsonHobbs, K., Negri, J., Klinnert, M., Interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta promoter polymorphisms in allergies and asthma (1998) Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 158, pp. 1958-1962Grainger, D.J., Metcalfe, J.C., Transforming growth factor-beta and cardiovascular protection (1997) The Endothelium in Clinical Practice. Source and Target of Novel Therapies. 1st Ed., pp. 203-243. , Rubanyi GM, Dzau, VJ, eds. New York: Marcel Dekker IncGrainger, D.J., Heathcote, K., Chiano, M., Genetic control of the circulating concentration of transforming growth factor type beta1 (1999) Hum Mol Genet, 8, pp. 93-97Colletta, A.A., Wakefield, L.M., Howell, F.V., The growth inhibition of human breast cancer cells by a novel synthetic progestin involves the induction of transforming growth factor beta (1991) J Clin Invest, 87, pp. 277-283Harrison, N.K., Argent, A.C., McAnulty, R.J., Collagen synthesis and degradation by systemic sclerosis lung fibroblasts. Responses to transforming growth factor-beta (1991) Chest, 99, pp. 71S-72SBroekelmann, T.J., Limper, A.H., Colby, T.V., Transforming growth factor beta 1 is present at sites of extracellular matrix gene expression in human pulmonary fibrosis (1999) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 88, pp. 6642-6646Finkelman, R.D., Bell, N.H., Strong, D.D., Ovariectomy selectively reduces the concentration of transforming growth factor beta in rat bone: Implications for estrogen deficiency-associated bone loss (1992) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 89, pp. 12190-12193Grainger, D.J., Kemp, P.R., Liu, A.C., Activation of transforming growth factor-beta is inhibited in transgenic apolipoprotein(a) mice (1994) Nature, 370, pp. 460-462Souza, A.P., Trevilatto, P.C., Scarel-Caminaga, R.M., Analysis of TGF-beta1 promoter polymorphism (C-509T) in patients with chronic periodontitis (2003) J Clin Periodontol, 30, pp. 519-523Trevilatto, P.C., Line, S.R., Use of buccal epithelial cells for PCR amplification of large DNA fragments (2000) J Forensic Odontostomatol, 18, pp. 6-9Sanguinetti, C.J., Dias Neto, E., Rapid silver staining and recovery of PCR products separated on polyacrylamide gels (1994) Biotechniques, 17, pp. 914-921Sham, P.C., Curtis, D., Monte Carlo tests for associations between disease and alleles at highly polymorphic loci (1995) Ann Hum Genet, 59, pp. 97-105Esposito, M., Hirsch, J.M., Lekholm, U., Biological factors contributing to failures of osseointegrated oral implants. (I). Success criteria and epidemiology (1998) Eur J Oral Sci, 106, pp. 527-551Santos, M.C.L.G., Campos, M.I.G., Line, S.R.P., Early dental implant failure: A review of the literature (2002) Braz J Oral Sci, 1, pp. 103-111Adell, R., Lekholm, U., Rockler, B., Marginal tissue reactions at osseointegrated titanium fixtures (I). A 3-year longitudinal prospective study (1986) Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 15, pp. 39-52Lekholm, U., Adell, R., Lindhe, J., Marginal tissue reactions at osseointegrated titanium fixtures. (II) A cross-sectional retrospective study (1986) Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 15, pp. 53-61Seymour, G.J., Gemmell, E., Lenz, L.J., Immunohistologic analysis of the inflammatory infiltrates associated with osseointegrated implants (1989) Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 4, pp. 191-198Salvi, G.E., Brown, C.E., Fujihashi, K., Inflammatory mediators of the terminal dentition in adult and early onset periodontitis (1998) J Periodontal Res, 33, pp. 212-225Dongari-Bagtzoglou, A.I., Ebersole, J.L., Increased presence of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 secreting fibroblast subpopulations in adult periodontitis (1998) J Periodontol, 69, pp. 899-910Heath, J.K., Atkinson, S.J., Hembry, R.M., Bacterial antigens induce collagenase and prostaglandin E2 synthesis in human gingival fibroblasts through a primary effect on circulating mononuclear cells (1987) Infect Immun, 55, pp. 2148-2154Kao, R.T., Curtis, D.A., Richards, D.W., Increased interleukin-1beta in the crevicular fluid of diseased implants. 1997 (1997) Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 10, pp. 696-701Salcetti, J.M., Moriarty, J.D., Cooper, L.F., The clinical, microbial, and host response characteristics of the failing implant (1997) Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 12, pp. 32-42Adamo, C.T., Mailhot, J.M., Smith, A.K., Connexin-43 expression in oral-derived human osteoblasts after transforming growth factor-beta and prostaglandin E2 exposure (2001) J Oral Implantol, 27, pp. 25-31Panagakos, F.S., Aboyoussef, H., Dondero, R., Detection and measurement of inflammatory cytokines in implant crevicular fluid: A pilot study (1996) Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 11, pp. 794-799Aboyoussef, H., Carter, C., Jandinski, J.J., Detection of prostaglandin E2 and matrix metalloproteinases in implant crevicular fluid (1998) Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 13, pp. 689-696Greensteing, G., Hart, T.C., A critical assessment of interleukin-1 (IL-1) genotype when used in a genetic susceptibility test for severe choronic periodontitis (2002) J Periodontol, 73, pp. 231-247Holla, L.I., Fassmann, A., Benes, P., 5 polymorphisms in the transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene (TGF-beta 1) in adult periodontitis (2002) J Clin Periodontol, 29, pp. 336-341Luedecking, E.K., DeKosky, S.T., Mehdi, H., Analysis of genetic polymorphisms in the transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene and the risk of Alzheimer's disease (2000) Hum Genet, 106, pp. 565-569Yokota, M., Ichihara, S., Lin, T.L., Association of a T29→C polymorphism of the transforming growth factor-beta1 gene with genetic susceptibility to myocardial infarction in Japanese (2000) Circulation, 101, pp. 2783-2787Arkwright, P.D., Laurie, S., Super, M., TGF-beta(1) genotype and accelerated decline in lung function of patients with cystic fibrosis (2000) Thorax, 55, pp. 459-462Pulleyn, L.J., Newton, R., Adcock, I.M., TGF-beta1 allele association with asthma severity (2001) Hum Genet, 109, pp. 623-627Mc Donnell, G.V., Kirk, C.W., Hawkins, S.A., Lack of association of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 and beta 2 gene polymorphisms with multiple sclerosis (MS) in Northern Ireland (1999) Mult Scler, 5, pp. 105-109Frossard, P.M., Pravica, V., Perrey, C., Lack of association between human TGF-beta1 gene variants and primary hypertension (2000) Am J Hypertens, 13, pp. 944-945Buckova, D., Izakovicova Holla, L., Benes, P., TGF-beta1 gene polymorphisms (2001) Allergy, 56, pp. 1236-1237Bijlsma, F.J., Van Der Horst, A.A., Tilanus, M.G., No association between transforming growth factor beta gene polymorphism and acute allograft rejection after cardiac transplantation (2002) Transpl Immunol, 10, pp. 43-47Alansari, A., Hajeer, A., Teh, L.S., Transforming growth factor-12 polymorphism and systemic lupus erythematosus (2002) J Rheumatol, 29, pp. 1189-1191Gewaltig, J., Mangasser-Stephan, K., Gartung, C., Association of polymorphisms of the transforming growth factor-betal gene with the rate of progression of HCV-induced liverfibrosis (2002) Clin Chim Acta, 316, pp. 83-94Wilson Jr., T.G., Nunn, M., The relationship between the interleukin-1 periodontal genotype and implant loss. Initial data (1999) J Periodontol, 70, pp. 724-729Greensteing, G., Hart, T.C., A critical assessment of interleukin-1 (IL-1) genotype when used in a genetic susceptibility test for severe choronic periodontitis (2002) J Periodontol, 73, pp. 231-247Rogers, M.A., Figliomeni, L., Baluchova, K., Do interleukin-1 polymorphisms predict the development of periodontitis or the success of dental implants? (2002) J Periodont Res, 37, pp. 37-41Feloutzis, A., Lang, N.P., Tonetti, M.S., IL-1 gene polymorphism and smoking as risk factors for peri-implant bone loss in a well-maintained population (2003) Clin Oral Implant Res, 14, pp. 10-17Santos, M.C.L.G., Campos, M.I.G., Souza, A.P., Analysis of MMP-1 and MMP-9 promoter polymorphisms in early osseointegrated implant failure (2004) Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 19, pp. 38-43Souza, A.P., Trevilatto, P.C., Scarel-Caminaga, R.M., MMP-1 promoter polymorphism: Association with chronic periodontitis severity in a Brazilian population (2003) J Clin Periodontol, 30, pp. 154-158Musso, T., Espinoza-Delgado, I., Pulkki, K., Transforming growth factor beta downregulates interleukin-1 (IL-1)-induced IL-6 production by human monocytes (1990) Blood, 76, pp. 2466-2469Steinsvoll, S., Halstensen, T.S., Schenck, K., Extensive expression of TGF-beta1 in chronically-inflamed periodontal tissue (1999) J Clin Periodontol, 26, pp. 366-373Page, R.C., Host response tests for diagnosing periodontal diseases (1992) J Periodontol, 63, pp. 356-366Birkedal-Hansen, H., Role of matrix metalloproteinases in human periodontal diseases (1993) J Periodontol, 64, pp. 4744-4784Stanczuk, G.A., Tswana, S.A., Bergstrom, S., Polymorphism in codons 10 and 25 of the transforming growth factorbeta 1 gene in patients with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix (2002) Eur J Immunogenet, 29, pp. 417-42

Early Failure Of Dental Implants And Tnf-α (g-308a) Gene Polymorphism

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a potent inflammatory mediator with bone resorption activity. Polymorphisms in the promoter region of the human TNF-α gene have been shown to affect the levels of this cytokine and have been associated with a variety of diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between early implant failure and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the -308 promoter region of the TNF-α gene. A sample of 66 nonsmokers was divided into 2 groups: a test group comprising 28 patients (mean age, 52.7 years) with one or more early failed implants and a control group consisting of 38 individuals (mean age, 43.2 years) with one or more healthy implants. Genomic DNA from buccal mucosa was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), analyzed by restriction fragment length polymor phism (RFLP), and submitted to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to distinguish allele G and allele A of the TNF-α (-308) gene polymorphism. Differences in the allele and genotype frequencies between control and test groups were assessed by chi-squared test (P <0.05). No significant difference was observed in the allele (P = 0.4635) and genotype (P = 0.4445) distribution of the polymorphism when control and failure groups were compared. The results indicate that the TNF-α (G-308A) gene polymorphism is not associated with early implant failure, suggesting that its presence alone does not constitute a genetic risk factor for implant loss in the Brazilian population. Copyright © 2004 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.13195101Adell, R., Eriksson, B., Lekholm, U., Long-term follow-up study of osseointegrated implants in the treatment of totally edentulous jaws (1990) Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 5, pp. 347-359Lekholm, U.G.J., Henry, P., Higuchi, K., Survival of the Branemark implant in partially edentulous jaws: A 0-10 year prospective multicenter study (1999) Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 14, pp. 636-645Esposito, M., Hirsch, J.M., Lekholm, U., Biological factors contributing to failures of osseointegrated oral implants. (I). Success criteria and epidemiology (1998) Eur J Oral Sci, 106, pp. 527-551El Askary, A.S., Meffert, R.M., Griffin, T., Why do dental implants fail? Part I (1999) Implant Dentistry, 8, pp. 173-185Parfitt, A.M., The two faces of growth: Benefits and risks to bone integrity (1994) Osteoporos Int, 4, pp. 382-398Horowitz, M.C., Lorenzo, J.A., (1996) Local Regulators of Bone, 1st Ed., pp. 687-700. , New York: Academic PressBeutler, B., Cerami, A., The biology of cachectin/TNF - A primary mediator of the host response (1989) Annu Rev Immunol, 7, pp. 625-655Vassalli, P., The pathophysiology of tumor necrosis factors (1992) Annu Rev Immunol, 10, pp. 411-452Manogue, K.R., Van Deventer, S.J.H., Cerami, A., (1991) Tumor Necrosis Factor or Cachectin, 1st Ed., pp. 241-256. , New York: Academic PressMeikle, M.C., Atkinson, S.J., Ward, R.V., Gingival fibroblasts degrade type I collagen films when stimulated with tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1: Evidence that breakdown is mediated by metalloproteinases (1989) J Periodontal Res, 24, pp. 207-213Elias, J.A., Gustilo, K., Baeder, W., Synergistic stimulation of fibroblast prostaglandin production by recombinant interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor (1987) J Immunol, 138, pp. 3812-3816Chaudhary, L.R., Spelsberg, T.C., Riggs, B.L., Production of various cytokines by normal human osteoblast-like cells in response to interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha: Lack of regulation by 17 beta-estradiol (1992) Endocrinology, 130, pp. 2528-2534Bertolini, D.R., Nedwin, G.E., Bringman, T.S., Stimulation of bone resorption and inhibition of bone formation in vitro by human tumor necrosis factors (1986) Nature, 319, pp. 516-518Van Der Pluijm, G., Most, W., Van Der Wee-Pals, L., Two distinct effects of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha on osteoclast development and subsequent resorption of mineralized matrix (1991) Endocrinology, 129, pp. 1596-1604Johnson, R.A., Boyce, B.F., Mundy, G.R., Tumors producing human tumor necrosis factor induced hypercalcemia and osteoclastic bone resorption in nude mice (1989) Endocrinology, 124, pp. 1424-1427Feldman, M., TNF-α: A pivotal role in rheumatoid arthritis (1992) Br J Rheumatol, 6, pp. 485-516Jacob, C.O., Fronek, Z., Lewis, G.D., Heritable major histocompatibility complex class Lis associated differences in production of tumor necrosis factor-α relevance to genetic predisposition to systemic lupus erythematosus (1990) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 87, pp. 1233-1237Zinman, B., Hanley, A.J.G., Harris, S.B., Circulating tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations in a native Canadian population with high rates of type 2 diabetes mellitus (1999) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84, pp. 272-278Galbraith, G.M., Steed, R.B., Sanders, J.J., Tumor necrosis factor alpha production by oral leukocytes: Influence of tumor necrosis factor genotype (1998) J Periodontol, 69, pp. 428-433Stashenko, P., Jandinski, J.J., Fujiyoshi, P., Tissue levels of bone resorptive cytokines in periodontal disease (1991) J Periodontol, 62, pp. 504-509Rossomando, E.F., Kennedy, J.E., Hadjimichael, J., Tumor necrosis factor alpha in gingival crevicular fluid as a possible indicator of periodontal disease in humans (1990) Arch Oral Biol, 35, pp. 431-434Wilson, A.G., Di Giovine, F.S., Blakemore, A.I., Single base polymorphism in the human tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) gene detectable by Ncol restriction of PCR product (1992) Hum Mol Genet, 1, p. 353Kroeger, K.M., Carville, K.S., Abraham, L.J., The -308 tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter polymorphism effects transcription (1997) Mol Immunol, 34, pp. 391-399Wilson, A.G., Symons, J.A., McDowell, T.L., Effects of a polymorphism in the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter on transcriptional activation (1997) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 94, pp. 3195-3199Brinkman, B.M., Zuijdeest, D., Kaijzel, E.L., Relevance of the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) -308 promoter polymorphism in TNF alpha gene regulation (1995) J Inflamm, 96 (46), pp. 32-41Perry, R.T., Collins, J.S., Wiener, H., The role of TNF and its receptors in Alzheimer's disease (2001) Neurobiol Aging, 22, pp. 873-883Danis, V.A., Millington, M., Hyland, V., Increased frequency of the uncommon allele of a tumor necrosis factor alpha polymorphism in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus (1995) Dis Markers, 12, pp. 127-133Rood, M.J., Van Krugten, M.V., Zanelli, E., TNF -308 and HLA-DR3 alleles contribute independently to susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (2000) Arthritis Rheum, 43, pp. 129-134Witte, J.S., Palmer, L.J., O'Connor, R.D., Relation between tumor necrosis factor polymorphism TNFalpha -308 and risk of asthma (2002) Eur J Hum Genet, 10, pp. 82-85Heijmans, B.T., Westendorp, R.G., Droog, S., Association of the tumor necrosis factor alpha -308G/A polymorphism with the risk of diabetes in an elderly population-based cohort (2002) Genes Immun, 3, pp. 225-228Kao, R.T., Curtis, D.A., Richards, D.W., Increased interleukin-1 beta in the crevicular fluid of diseased implants (1995) Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 10, pp. 696-701Panagakos, F.S., Aboyoussef, H., Dondero, R., Detection and measurement of inflammatory cytokines in implant crevicular fluid: A pilot study (1996) Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 11, pp. 794-799Salcetti, J.M., Moriarty, J.D., Cooper, L.F., The clinical, microbial, and host response characteristics of the failing implant (1997) Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 12, pp. 32-42Schwartz, Z., Lohmann, C.H., Cochran, D.L., (1999) Bone Regulating Mechanisms on Implant Surfaces, 1st Ed., pp. 41-54. , Chicago: Quintessence PublishingVan Der Linden, M.W., Huizinga, T.W., Stoeken, D.J., Determination of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 production in a whole blood stimulation system: Assessment of laboratory error and individual variation (1998) J Immunol Methods, 218, pp. 63-71Westendorp, R.G., Langermans, J.A., Huizinga, T.W., A genetic influence on cytokine production in meningococcal disease (1997) Lancet, 349, pp. 1912-1913Trevilatto, P.C., Line, S.R.P., Use of buccal epithelial cells for PCR amplification of large DNA fragments (2000) J Forensic Odontostomatol, 18, pp. 6-9Maniatis, T., Fritsch, E.F., Sambrook, J., (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Ed., pp. 458-463. , New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory PressSanguinetti, C.J., Dias, E.M., Simpson, A.J.G., Rapid silver staining and recovery of PCR products separated on polyacrylamide gels (1994) Biotechniques, 17, pp. 915-919Esposito, M., Hirsch, J.M., Lekholm, U., Biological factors contributing to failures of osseointegrated oral implants. (II). Etiopathogenesis (1998) Eur J Oral Sci, 106, pp. 721-764Santos, M.C.L.G., Campos, M.I.G., Line, S.R.P., Early dental implant failure: A review of literature (2002) Braz J Oral Sci, 1, pp. 103-111El Askary, A.S., Meffert, R.M., Griffin, T., Why do dental implants fail? Part II (1999) Implant Dentistry, 8, pp. 265-277Deas, D.E., Mikotowicz, J.J., Mackey, S.A., Implant failure with spontaneous rapid exfoliation: Case reports (2002) Implant Dentistry, 11, pp. 235-242Weyant, R.J., Burt, B.A., An assessment of survival rates and within-patient clustering of failures for endosseous oral implants (1993) J Dent Res, 72, pp. 2-8Hutton, J.E., Heath, M.R., Chai, J.Y., Factors related to success and failure rates at 3-year follow-up in a multicenter study of overdentures supported by Branemark implants (1995) Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 10, pp. 33-42Deem, L.P., Bassiouny, M.A., Deem, T.E., The sequential failure of osseointegrated submerged implants (2002) Implant Dentistry, 11, pp. 243-248Ekfeldt, A., Christiansson, U., Eriksson, T., A retrospective analysis of factors associated with multiple implant failures in maxillae (2001) Clin Oral Implants Res, 12, pp. 462-467Wilson, T.G.J., Nunn, M., The relationship between the interleukin-1 periodontal genotype and implant loss. Initial data (1999) J Periodontol, 70, pp. 724-729Kornman, K.S., Crane, A., Wang, H.Y., The interleukin-1 genotype as a severity factor in adult periodontal disease (1997) J Clin Periodontol, 24, pp. 72-77Rogers, M.A., Figliomeni, L., Baluchova, K., Do interleukin-1 polymorphisms predict the development of periodontitis or the success of dental implants? (2002) J Periodontol, 37, pp. 37-41Feloutzis, A., Lang, N.P., Tonetti, M.S., IL-1 gene polymorphism and smoking as risk factors for peri-implant bone loss in a well-maintained population (2003) Clin Oral Implants Res, 14, pp. 10-17Wilson, A.G., Vries, N., Pociot, F., An allelic polymorphism within the human tumor necrosis factor α promoter region is strongly associated with HLA A1, B8, and DR3 alleles (1993) J Exp Med, 117, pp. 557-560Abraham, L.J., French, M.A.H., Dawkins, R.L., Polymorphic MHC ancestral haplotypes affect the activity of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (1993) Clin Exp Immunol, 92, pp. 14-18Perrey, C., Pravica, V., Sinnott, P.J., Genotyping for polymorphisms in interferon-gamma, interleukin-10, transforming growth factor-beta 1 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha genes: A technical report (1998) Transpl Immunol, 6, pp. 193-197Perala, D.G., Chapman, R.J., Gelfand, J.A., Relative production of IL-1 beta and TNF alpha by mononuclear cells after exposure to dental implants (1992) J Periodontol, 63, pp. 426-430Tsutsui, T., Kawaguchi, H., Fujino, A., Exposure of macrophage-like cells to titanium particles does not affect bone resorption, but inhibits bone formation (1999) J Orthop Sci, 4, pp. 32-3

Matrix metalloproteinases: the most important pathway involved with periodontal destruction

ntitis is an infectious disease estimated to occur in approximately a third of adults over the age of 35, being the major cause of adult tooth loss. The tissue destruction seems to be regulated by four major pathways. Plasminogen-dependent, phagocytic, osteoclastic and matrix metalloproteinase pathway. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) pathway seems to be the most relevant in periodontal disease. The purpose of the current study was to review the roles of MMPs on periodontal disease, with emphasis on periodontal ligament and alveolar bone destruction. Particular attention is given on the mechanisms that control MMPs genes transcription, the regulation of protein activity, and the influence of MMP genes polymorphisms in inflammatory diseases

Interleukin-2 And Interleukin-6 Gene Promoter Polymorphisms, And Early Failure Of Dental Implants

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter region of the human interleukin (IL)-2 (T-330G) and IL-6 (G-174C) genes have modified the transcriptional activity of these cytokines and are associated with several diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between these single nucleotide polymorphisms and early implant failure. A sample of 74 nonsmokers was divided into 2 groups: test group comprising 34 patients (mean age 49.3 years) with ĝ‰¥1 implants that failed and control group consisting of 40 patients (mean age 43.8 years) with ĝ‰¥1 healthy implants. Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid from oral mucosa was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism. Monte Carlo simulations (P G) IL-2 and -590 (T -> C) IL-4 gene polymorphisms in a population from south-eastern Brazil (2002) Eur J Immunogenet., 29, pp. 293-296Reynard, M.P., Turner, D., Navarrete, C.V., Allele frequencies of polymorphisms of the tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-10, interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 genes in a North European Caucasoid group from the UK (2000) Eur J Immunogenet., 27, pp. 241-249Perala, D.G., Chapman, R.J., Gelfand, J.A., Relative production of IL-1 beta and TNF alpha by mononuclear cells after exposure to dental implants (1992) J Periodontol., 63, pp. 426-430Wang, J.Y., Tsukayama, D.T., Wicklund, B.H., Inhibition of T and B cell proliferation by titanium, cobalt, and chromium: Role of IL-2 and IL-6 (1996) J Biomed Mater Res., 32, pp. 655-661Nakashima, Y., Sun, D.H., Trindade, M.C., Signaling pathways for tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 expression in human macrophages exposed to titanium-alloy particulate debris in vitro (1999) J Bone Joint Surg., 81, pp. 603-615Shida, J., Trindade, M.C., Goodman, S.B., Induction of interleukin-6 release in human osteoblast-like cells exposed to titanium particles in vitro (2000) Calcif Tissue Int., 67, pp. 151-155Horowitz, S.M., Gonzales, J.B., Inflammatory response to implant particulates in a macrophage/osteoblast coculture model (1996) Calcif Tissue Int., 59, pp. 392-39