The management of distal ulnar fractures in adults: a review of the literature and recommendations for treatment

The distal ulna represents the fixed point around which the radius and the hand acts in daily living. The significance of distal ulnar fractures is often not appreciated and often results in inadequate treatment in comparison to its larger counterpart; the radius. There is little guidance in the current literature as how to manage these fractures and their associated injuries. This paper aims to critically review the current literature and combine it with treatment suggestions based on the experience of the authors to help guide investigation and management of these often complex injuries

Air entrainment mechanisms from artificial supercavities: Insight based on numerical simulations

Using multiphase computational simulations based on the Navier-Stokes equations, we examine the internal gaseous flows of artificially ventilated supercavities. These simulations indicate that air shear layers that develop on the cavity-wall (the air-liquid interface surrounding the cavity) are an important mechanism of air entrainment. This corroborates previous theory developed for toroidal cavities, and indicates that similar mechanisms occur in twin-vortex cavities and cavities closing on bodies. The importance of these shear layers on the cavity behavior potentially impacts computational simulations, experiments, and design-level models. Lastly, a more inclusive, semi-empirical air entrainment model is presented that attempts to accommodate the observed processes.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/84310/1/CAV2009-final136.pd