323 research outputs found

    Image quality of myocardial perfusion-gated studies: effect of ingestion of different fat content in the reduction of extra-myocardial abdominal signal

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    Myocardial perfusion-gated-SPECT (MP-gated-SPECT) imaging often shows radiotracer uptake in abdominal organs. This accumulation interferes frequently with qualitative and quantitative assessment of the infero-septal region of myocardium. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of ingestion of different fat content on the reduction of extra-myocardial uptake and to improve MP-gated-SPECT image quality. In this study, 150 patients (65 ^ 18 years) who were referred for MP-gated-SPECT underwent a 1-day-protocol including imaging after stress (physical or pharmacological) and resting conditions. All patients gave written informed consent. Patients were subdivided into five groups: GI, GII, GIII, GIV and GV. In the first four groups, patients ate two chocolate bars with different fat content. Patients in GV – control group (CG) – had just water. Uptake indices (UI) of myocardium (M)/liver(L) and M/stomach–proximal bowel(S) revealed lower UI of M/S at rest in all groups. Both stress and rest studies using different food intake indicate that patients who ate chocolate with different fat content showed better UI of M/L than the CG. The UI of M/L and M/S of groups obtained under physical stress are clearly superior to that of groups obtained under pharmacological stress. These differences are only significant in patients who ate high-fat chocolate or drank water. The analysis of all stress studies together (GI, GII, GIII and GIV) in comparison with CG shows higher mean ranks of UI of M/L for those who ate high-fat chocolate. After pharmacological stress, the mean ranks of UI of M/L were higher for patients who ate high- and low-fat chocolate. In conclusion, eating food with fat content after radiotracer injection increases, respectively, the UI of M/L after stress and rest in MP-gated-SPECT studies. It is, therefore, recommended that patients eat a chocolate bar after radiotracer injection and before image acquisition

    Tutoria com agentes inteligentes na educação online

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    Revista Teias. Vol. 20 (Edição Especial - 2019): Educação ativista na cibercultura: experiências pluraisA evolução tecnológica, particularmente a Inteligência Artificial, tem contribuído significativamente para mudanças relevantes em quase todas as dimensões da nossa sociedade, nomeadamente na Educação e, consequentemente, no Ensino à Distância. Tais mudanças exigem transformações significativas, especialmente no processo de ensino e aprendizagem, de forma a minimizar a incapacidade dos docentes e tutores responderem na totalidade às solicitações de suporte por parte dos alunos e, por isso, a enorme necessidade de potenciar as tecnologias existentes, com o objetivo de minorar essa dificuldade. Este artigo tem como objetivo caracterizar os agentes inteligentes e a sua importância pedagógica para a tutoria na educação online. A metodologia utilizada baseou-se no método dedutivo, resultante do processo de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, em consonância com a investigação de doutoramento em curso sobre a temática dos tutores inteligentes. Como resultados, a literatura especializada tem destacado a enorme vantagem da utilização dos agentes inteligentes no ensino superior online.Technological evolution, particularly Artificial Intelligence, has contributed to changes in almost all dimensions of our society, in education and in Distance Learning. Such changes require significant transformations in the teaching and learning process in order to minimize the inability of Virtual Tutors to respond to students' requests for support and, therefore, the need to improve existing technologies, with the aim of reducing this difficulty. This article aims to characterize intelligent agents and their pedagogical importance for tutoring in online education. The methodology used was based on the deductive method, resulting from the bibliographic and documentary research process, in consonance with the ongoing doctoral research on the subject of virtual tutors. As a result, the literature has highlighted the enormous advantage of using intelligent agents in online higher education.La evolución tecnológica, particularmente la Inteligencia Artificial, ha contribuido a los cambios en casi todas las dimensiones de nuestra sociedad, en la educación y en la Enseñanza a Distancia. Estos cambios requieren transformaciones significativas en el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje para minimizar la incapacidad de los Tutores Virtuales para responder a las solicitudes de apoyo por parte de los alumnos y por lo tanto la necesidad de mejorar las tecnologías existentes con el objetivo de aliviar esa dificultad. Este artículo tiene como objetivo caracterizar a los agentes inteligentes y su importancia pedagógica para la tutoría en la educación online. La metodología utilizada fue basada en el método deductivo, resultante del proceso de investigación bibliográfica y documental, en consonancia con la investigación de doctorado en curso sobre la temática de los tutores virtuales. Como resultados, la literatura especializada ha destacado la enorme ventaja del uso de los agentes inteligentes en la enseñanza superior en línea.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Variability introduced by the operator in processing myocardial Gated-SPECT studies

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    Introdução – Os estudos Gated – Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) são uma das técnicas de imagiologia cardíaca que mais evoluiu nas últimas décadas. Para a análise das imagens obtidas, a utilização de softwares de quantificação leva a um aumento da reprodutibilidade e exatidão das interpretações. O objetivo deste estudo consiste em avaliar, em estudos Gated-SPECT, a variabilidade intra e interoperador de parâmetros quantitativos de função e perfusão do miocárdio, obtidos com os softwares Quantitative Gated SPECT (QGS) e Quantitative Perfusion SPECT (QPS). Material e métodos – Recorreu-se a uma amostra não probabilística por conveniência de 52 pacientes, que realizaram estudos Gated-SPECT do miocárdio por razões clínicas e que integravam a base de dados da estação de processamento da Xeleris da ESTeSL. Os cinquenta e dois estudos foram divididos em dois grupos distintos: Grupo I (GI) de 17 pacientes com imagens com perfusão do miocárdio normal; Grupo II (GII) de 35 pacientes que apresentavam defeito de perfusão nas imagens Gated-SPECT. Todos os estudos foram processados 5 vezes por 4 operadores independentes (com experiência de 3 anos em Serviços de Medicina Nuclear com casuística média de 15 exames/semana de estudos Gated-SPECT). Para a avaliação da variabilidade intra e interoperador foi utilizado o teste estatístico de Friedman, considerando α=0,01. Resultados e discussão – Para todos os parâmetros avaliados, os respectivos valores de p não traduziram diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p>α). Assim, não foi verificada variabilidade intra ou interoperador significativa no processamento dos estudos Gated-SPECT do miocárdio. Conclusão – Os softwares QGS e QPS são reprodutíveis na quantificação dos parâmetros de função e perfusão avaliados, não existindo variabilidade introduzida pelo operador.ABSTRACT: Introduction – Gated - Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) is one of cardiac imaging techniques with more development over last decades. For image analysis, the use of quantification software leads to increased reproducibility and accuracy of interpretations. The purpose of this study was to assess, in Gated-SPECT studies, intra and inter-operator variability of quantitative parameters of myocardial perfusion and function, obtained with the software Quantitative Gated SPECT (QGS) and Quantitative Perfusion SPECT (QPS). Material and methods – We used a non-probability sample of convenience of 52 patients who underwent myocardial Gated-SPECT studies for clinical indications and that formed ESTeSL’s Xeleris workstation database. The fifty-two studies were divided into two groups: Group I (GI) of 17 patients with normal myocardial perfusion images; Group II (GII) of 35 patients with perfusion defects in Gated-SPECT images. All studies were processed 5 times by 4 independent operators (with 3 years of experience in Nuclear Medicine Services with a sample mean of 15 Gated-SPECT studies per week). Friedman´s statistical test was used to assess intra and inter-operator variability, considering α = 0.01. Results and discussion – To all variables, the respective p values did not reflected statistically significant differences (p> α). Thus, there was no significant intra or inter-operator variability in processing myocardial Gated-SPECT studies. Conclusion – QGS and QPS software allow a reproducible quantification of the evaluated function and perfusion parameters, with no variability introduced by the operator

    Imagej's contribution to left ventricular segmentation in myocardial perfusion imaging

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    Introduction: The Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (MPI) is a non-invasive image test that allows the assessment of perfusion, function, and viability of the Left Ventricle (LV). The quantitative parameters obtained post-reconstruction requires an accurate segmentation of the LV. ImageJ is an open-source software that provides segmentation techniques that may contribute to the segmentation of the LV in the MPI. The purpose of this study was to study the influence of the different segmentation methods provided by ImageJ, in MPI, depending on the administered activity. Material and methods: We carried out an experimental research with 4 MPI studies simulated with 275, 385, 500 and 750 Bq/voxel in the myocardium, whose short-axis (SA) slices were segmented with ImageJ by the threshold default, OTSU, and k-means Plugin Toolkit methods (k=2, k=3). To analyze the most appropriate segmentation method, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for each short-axis (SA) slice was calculated, in accordance with the slices obtained from the software Quantitative Perfusion Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography® (QPS®) and by manual segmentation using ImageJ. To analyze the SNR with ImageJ and QPS® segmentation methods in the same simulated study, and to compare with the same segmentation method in different simulated studies, the Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied. Results and discussion: The method k-means with k=3 is the most suitable method for the segmentation of the LV, regardless of the administered activity. Conclusion: This study may contribute to the clinical implementation of open-source based segmentation methods of the LV in MPI, according to the activity in the myocardium.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Contributo para a optimização dos estudos de perfusão miocárdica utilizando imagens de medicina nuclear sincronizadas com o electrocardiograma

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    Tese de doutoramento, Engenharia Biomédica e Biofísica, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2011A tomografia de emissão de fotão simples sincronizada com o sinal electrocardiográfico (Gated-SPECT) usa-se cada vez mais na avaliação conjunta da perfusão do miocárdio e da função ventricular esquerda. No entanto, persistem controvérsias na literatura acerca dos protocolos de aquisição e processamento associados a esta técnica, nomeadamente, os longos tempos de aquisição para obtenção do número de contagens totais necessárias para a determinação reprodutível dos parâmetros de função do ventrículo esquerdo, e, por outro lado, a acumulação do radiofármaco em órgãos abdominais, que interferem na avaliação qualitativa e quantitativa da região infero-septal do miocárdio. O objectivo desta dissertação visou contribuir para a optimização do protocolo Gated-SPECT, nomeadamente investigar as dependências da medida de actividade no miocárdio. Estudou-se o número de contagens detectadas a partir do qual os parâmetros funcionais são reprodutíveis, independentemente do tempo de aquisição por projecção. Além disso, investigaram-se os efeitos de alimentos com teor lipídico variável na redução da actividade extra-miocárdica. Para a concretização deste objectivo foram realizados estudos em pacientes com justificação clínica para realizar estudos Gated-SPECT. Considerando dificuldades éticas e financeiras relacionadas com a repetição do mesmo estudo num mesmo paciente, recorreu- se também, a estudos de simulação pelo método de Monte Carlo. Foi concebido e validado um modelo de Câmara-Gama que reproduz o sistema real usado na aquisição de estudos clínicos reais, i.e. realizados em rotina clínica. Posteriormente procedeu-se à simulação de vários estudos com diferentes actividades no miocárdio e diferentes tempos por projecção. O estudo desenvolvido permitiu concluir que: 1) para uma actividade administrada mínima de 450 MBq a um paciente, a quantificação dos parâmetros de função ventricular é reprodutível independentemente do tempo por projecção; 2) a ingestão de alimentos com teor lipídico e/ou água após administração de 99mTc-Tetrafosmina, reduz a captação hepática do radiofármaco assim como a acumulação no estômago e intestino proximal.The myocardial single photon emission tomography synchronized with the electrocardiogram (Gated-SPET) is increasingly used in the joint assessment of myocardial perfusion and left ventricular function. However there is still conflicting evidence regarding the best acquisition and processing protocols to be used with this imaging technique. Examples of these are the best acquisition times to obtain the total number of counts needed for the quantification of functional parameters of left ventricular myocardium in a reproducible way, and the ways to limit radiopharmaceutical accumulation in abdominal organs that may interfere with qualitative and quantitative assessment of the inferoseptal myocardial region. The aim of this dissertation was to contribute to the optimization of Gated-SPECT acquisition protocols. It was decided to search for the minimum total number of myocardial counts, above which the functional parameters are reproducible, and consequently to obtain a value for the injected dose needed to achieve those counts. Additionally the effect of variable amounts of fat (lipids), content in food that might help in reducing extra-cardiac radiopharmaceutical, interference with myocardial uptake readings. To achieve this goal, patients referred for Gated-SPECT were studied. However, due to ethical and financial considerations and in order to avoid submitting too many patients to unnecessary repeat studies, Monte Carlo simulations of Gated-SPECT studies were also performed. A Gamma Camera model was designed and validated reproducing the one used for real clinical routine acquisition studies. The main conclusions from this work are: for a minimum administered activity of 450 MBq of 99mTc-Tetrofosmine in the first study of a one-day protocol, the quantification of ventricular function parameters are reproducible, and they are independent of the time for projection used to acquire data. Besides, food with variable fat content as well as water may reduce radiotracer uptake in the liver, stomach and proximal intestine, allowing toobtain clearer data readings from the myocardium.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT,SFRH/PROTEC/49912/2009

    An optimization strategy for customized radiotherapy head immobilization masks

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    Este trabalho foi financiado pelo Concurso Anual para Projetos de Investigação, Desenvolvimento, Inovação e Criação Artística (IDI&CA) 2016 do Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa. Código de referência IPL/2016/SoftImob_ISELAn effective head immobilization is an important requirement in radiotherapy treatment sessions, although it may also be thought in the future as a precious aid in brain medical imaging. Thus, the present work is focused on the stiffness optimization of a customized head immobilization mask, modelled upon the head reconstruction surface based on computerized tomography images. This paper proposes a strategy supported by a metaheuristic optimization technique and a metamodeling approach for the whole mask, illustrated at its most unfavorable region occurring in the gnathion region.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    3D printing of abdominal immobilization masks for therapeutics: dosimetric, mechanical and financial analysis

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    Molding immobilization masks is a time-consuming process, strongly dependent on the healthcare professional, and potentially uncomfortable for the patient. Thus, an alternative sustainable automated production process is proposed for abdominal masks, using fused deposition modelling (FDM) 3D printing with polylactic acid (PLA). Radiological properties of PLA were evaluated by submitting a set of PLA plates to photon beam radiation, while estimations of their mechanical characteristics were assessed through numerical simulation. Based on the obtained results, the abdominal mask was 3D printed and process costs and times were analyzed. The plates revealed dose transmissions similar to the conventional mask at all energies, and mechanical deformation guarantees the required immobilization, with a 66% final cost reduction. PLA proved to be an excellent material for this purpose. Despite the increase in labour costs, a significant reduction in material costs is observed with the proposed process. However, the time results are not favorable, mainly due to the printing technique used in this study.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Influence of the segmentation method – automatic vs. manual – and the presence or not of extra myocardial activity in quantification of defect extent in SPECT myocardial studies

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    Introdução – A cintigrafia de perfusão do miocárdio (CPM) por tomografia por emissão de fotão único (SPECT, do acrónimo inglês single-photon emission computed tomography) é um dos exames mais utilizados na estratificação do risco de doença coronária, cuja extração dos parâmetros quantitativos da perfusão do miocárdio depende da correta segmentação do ventrículo esquerdo (VE). O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a influência do método de segmentação automática (A) vs. manual (M) na quantificação da extensão do defeito (ED) da perfusão miocárdica, em estudos com (CAE) e sem atividade extramiocárdica (SAE). Metodologia – Estudo retrospetivo de amostra não probabilística, por conveniência, de 63 estudos em esforço, com indicação clínica para CPM, disponíveis na base de dados da estação de processamento consola Xeleris® da ESTeSL, os quais foram divididos em quatro grupos: Grupo I (GI): 26 estudos com ED inferior a 10% da área total do VE; GII: cinco estudos com ED igual ou superior a 10%; GIII: 21 estudos com ED inferior a 10%, CAE e GIV: 11 estudos com ED igual ou superior a 10%, CAE. Todos os estudos foram segmentados de forma A e M recorrendo ao software Quantitative Perfusion SPECT (QPS®). Para a análise dos dados retirados do mapa polar com 20 segmentos foram utilizados os testes: t-Student, Wilcoxon e U de Mann-Whitney, considerando α=0,05. Resultados – Na avaliação da ED de perfusão (20 segmentos) é possível verificar diferenças estatisticamente significativas (pα). Conclusão – Na amostra em estudo existem diferenças entre o método de segmentação A vs. M nos segmentos mais periféricos do mapa polar na avaliação da ED da perfusão miocárdica. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre a extensão do defeito da perfusão miocárdica nos estudos CAE e SAE.ABSTRACT: Introduction – The Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (MPI) by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is one of the most widely used Non-invasive imaging test in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease that requires a correct segmentation of the left ventricle (LV), to extract perfusion parameters. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of automatic (A) vs. manual (M) segmentation in quantification of defect extent (DE) of myocardial perfusion, in studies with and without extra myocardial activity. Methodology – A retrospective study with a non-probabilistic sample was used, for convenience, of 63 stress studies, with indication for MPI available in Xeleris® workstation database in ESTeSL, that were divided into four groups: Group I (GI): 26 studies by presenting a DE below 10% of the total surface area of the LV; Group II (GII): 5 studies with a DE equal or above 10%; Group III (GIII): 21 studies with a DE below 10%, with extra myocardial activity and Group IV (GIV): 11 studies with a DE, with extra myocardial activity. All studies were segmented, by one operator, using the A and the M quantification software Quantitative Perfusion SPECT (QPS®). For data analysis from the map polar with 20 segments were used t-Student, Wilcoxon and U de Mann-Whitney tests, considering α=0.05. Results – Concerning the perfusion DE evaluation it was verified that there were statistically significant differences (p>α) between the A vs. M segmentation, in the segments 13-15 (GI); segments 13 and 16 (GIII) and the segments 1 and 16 (GIV). Regarding the studies with and without extra myocardial activity, it was observed that no statistically significant variability exists (p>α). Conclusion – On the basis of the sample analyzed there are differences between an A vs. M segmentation in peripheral segments of the polar map, in myocardial perfusion ED evaluation. There are no differences between myocardial perfusion DE in studies with and without extra myocardial activity.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Influence of the color scale in qualitative assessment of myocardial perfusion imaging

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    Introdução – A cintigrafia de perfusão do miocárdio (CPM) é utilizada no diagnóstico e seguimento de pacientes com doença arterial coronária, sendo a sua avaliação frequentemente realizada através da análise visual dos cortes tomográficos. A escala de cores selecionada é essencial na interpretação clínica das imagens de perfusão do miocárdio. Objetivo – Avaliar a influência de diferentes escalas de cores na avaliação qualitativa das imagens de CPM e estudar quais as mais adequadas para análise visual. Métodos – Trinta e cinco estudos de CPM foram avaliados visualmente por 16 estudantes da licenciatura em medicina nuclear nas escalas de cores Cool, Gray, Gray Invert, Thermal e Warm. Para a escala de cores Cool, a análise das imagens de CPM foi realizada através de um sistema de classificação semiquantitativo por scores. As restantes escalas de cores foram avaliadas por comparação com a análise das imagens efetuada com escala de cores Cool. Resultados/Discussão – Para a escala de cores Cool, a variabilidade interoperador revelou a existência de diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre todos os participantes (p<0,05), o que se pode atribuir à subjetividade da avaliação visual. Os resultados relativos às escalas de cores Gray e Gray Invert foram os mais próximos da perfusão do miocárdio observada com a escala Cool, considerando-se escalas de cores alternativas na análise visual dos estudos de CPM. Para as escalas de cores Thermal e Warm os resultados foram mais divergentes, não se considerando adequadas para a avaliação visual dos estudos de CPM. Conclusão – A escala de cores influencia a avaliação qualitativa da perfusão na CPM.ABSTRACT: Introduction – Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a widely accepted study applied in the diagno-sis and follow-up of coronary artery disease. Interpretation of myocardial perfusion images requires visual analysis of the reconstructed slices. The color scale selected can have a significant effect on the final appearance of the image and on the clinical interpretation of myocardial perfusion. Aim – Evaluate the influence of the color scale in the qualitative analysis of MPI and study which one should be preferably used for visual interpretation of myocardial perfusion. Methods – Thirty five MPI studies were visually interpreted by 16 nuclear medicine technologist students in the following color scales: Cool, Gray, Gray Invert, Thermal and Warm. Visual analysis of Cool’s color scale relied on a semi-quantitative scoring system. The remaining color scales were evaluated by comparison with Cool. Results/Discussion – For Cool’s color scale, inter-operator variability has shown statistically significant differences among all the participants (p<0.05), which can be assigned to the subjectivity of the visual evaluation. The results obtained for Gray and Gray Invert colors scales were the closest for the myocardial perfusion observed with Cool, being alternative color scales suited for this purpose. Regarding Thermal and Warm color scales the results were divergent, showing that they are not the optimal choice for myocardial perfusion interpretation. Conclusion – The color scale selected can influence the qualitative assessment of MPI

    Influence of the segmentation method – automatic vs. manual – and the presence or not of extra myocardial activity in quantification of defect extent in SPECT myocardial studies

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    Introdução – A cintigrafia de perfusão do miocárdio (CPM) por tomografia por emissão de fotão único (SPECT, do acrónimo inglês single-photon emission computed tomography) é um dos exames mais utilizados na estratificação do risco de doença coronária, cuja extração dos parâmetros quantitativos da perfusão do miocárdio depende da correta segmentação do ventrículo esquerdo (VE). O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a influência do método de segmentação automática (A) vs. manual (M) na quantificação da extensão do defeito (ED) da perfusão miocárdica, em estudos com (CAE) e sem atividade extramiocárdica (SAE). Metodologia – Estudo retrospetivo de amostra não probabilística, por conveniência, de 63 estudos em esforço, com indicação clínica para CPM, disponíveis na base de dados da estação de processamento consola Xeleris® da ESTeSL, os quais foram divididos em quatro grupos: Grupo I (GI): 26 estudos com ED inferior a 10% da área total do VE; GII: cinco estudos com ED igual ou superior a 10%; GIII: 21 estudos com ED inferior a 10%, CAE e GIV: 11 estudos com ED igual ou superior a 10%, CAE. Todos os estudos foram segmentados de forma A e M recorrendo ao software Quantitative Perfusion SPECT (QPS®). Para a análise dos dados retirados do mapa polar com 20 segmentos foram utilizados os testes: t-Student, Wilcoxon e U de Mann-Whitney, considerando α=0,05. Resultados – Na avaliação da ED de perfusão (20 segmentos) é possível verificar diferenças estatisticamente significativas (pα). Conclusão – Na amostra em estudo existem diferenças entre o método de segmentação A vs. M nos segmentos mais periféricos do mapa polar na avaliação da ED da perfusão miocárdica. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre a extensão do defeito da perfusão miocárdica nos estudos CAE e SAE.ABSTRACT: Introduction – The Myocardial Perfusion Imaging (MPI) by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is one of the most widely used Non-invasive imaging test in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease that requires a correct segmentation of the left ventricle (LV), to extract perfusion parameters. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of automatic (A) vs. manual (M) segmentation in quantification of defect extent (DE) of myocardial perfusion, in studies with and without extra myocardial activity. Methodology – A retrospective study with a non-probabilistic sample was used, for convenience, of 63 stress studies, with indication for MPI available in Xeleris® workstation database in ESTeSL, that were divided into four groups: Group I (GI): 26 studies by presenting a DE below 10% of the total surface area of the LV; Group II (GII): 5 studies with a DE equal or above 10%; Group III (GIII): 21 studies with a DE below 10%, with extra myocardial activity and Group IV (GIV): 11 studies with a DE, with extra myocardial activity. All studies were segmented, by one operator, using the A and the M quantification software Quantitative Perfusion SPECT (QPS®). For data analysis from the map polar with 20 segments were used t-Student, Wilcoxon and U de Mann-Whitney tests, considering α=0.05. Results – Concerning the perfusion DE evaluation it was verified that there were statistically significant differences (p>α) between the A vs. M segmentation, in the segments 13-15 (GI); segments 13 and 16 (GIII) and the segments 1 and 16 (GIV). Regarding the studies with and without extra myocardial activity, it was observed that no statistically significant variability exists (p>α). Conclusion – On the basis of the sample analyzed there are differences between an A vs. M segmentation in peripheral segments of the polar map, in myocardial perfusion ED evaluation. There are no differences between myocardial perfusion DE in studies with and without extra myocardial activity.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
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