PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE MECHANICAL OUTPUT WORK OF BODY SEGMENTS DURING MEN'S 1500M RUNNING

The rational energy allocation, energy transfer and the effective use of physiological energy of body segments during exercise were studied. Four distance runners served as objects were analyzed from films taken during a simulated test and their physiological energy costs (PEC) were estimated based on oxygen consumption (VO2). The results has revealed the proportion of the mechanical output work (MOW) of different body segments during 1500m running and indicated that the work of the swinging leg was the highest (34.57%), followed by that of the supporting leg (28.08%). The percentage of the upper limbs' work was equal to that of the trunk (about 17% respectively), and the output work of the head was only the lowest (2.73%). Energy transfer took place both within and between segments during running and energy transferred between segments was the major part

Creep Behavior of Shallow Anchors in Ice-rich Silt

Grouted anchors have become a common technique in the application of earth retention systems, slope stability problems and tie-down structures in unfrozen soils due to its cost and time efficiency. However, within much of Alaska area, permafrost is a common type of soil and might contain large amount of visible ice. The highly time and temperature dependent properties of ice-rich soil make it a challenge for the application of anchors in permafrost area. This project valuates the effect of water content and temperature on the creep behavior of shallow anchors in cold room lab. Also, field test was conducted to determine effectiveness of three types of grouting materials, including Bentonite clay, Microsil Anchor Grout and special cement formula. The temperature along the anchor was monitored to evaluate the degradation of the surrounding frozen soil. Research results may be applicable in the design of shallow anchors in ice-rich permafrost at various ice content and temperature range. Also, the load distribution and the pullout test results could give a general guidance for the shallow anchor design in permafrost area.Table of Contents - iv List of Figures - viii List of Tables - xiv Chapter 1 Introduction - 1 1.1 General - 1 1.2 Problem Statement - 1 1.3 Objective - 2 1.4 Research Methodology - 2 Chapter 2 Literature Review - 4 2.1 Background on Grouted Anchors - 4 2.2 Creep Theory - 5 1. General Creep Behavior - 5 2. Creep Behavior of Ice - 6 3. Creep behavior of Frozen Soils - 8 2.3 Grouted Anchor Design in Permafrost - 10 1. Grouted Anchor Design Considerations - 11 2. Grouted Anchor Design in Ice-rich Soil - 14 Chapter 3 Laboratory Test - 19 3.1 Laboratory Pullout Test Preparation - 19 1. Soil Preparation - 19 2. Grouted Anchor Preparation - 20 3. Load Frame Preparation - 23 4. Calibration of the Testing Equipment - 26 3.2 Laboratory Pullout Test Procedures - 28 1. Preparing Anchor Test Specimens - 28 2. Load Frame Setup - 31 3. Testing Procedure Outline - 32 Chapter 4 Field Tests of Anchor in CRREL Permafrost Tunnel - 34 4.1 Test Site Overview - 34 1. Introduction to Testing Site - 34 2. CRREL Permafrost Tunnel Geology - 36 3. Anchor Test Location within Permafrost Tunnel - 37 4.2 Testing Equipment - 39 1. Strain Sensors - 40 2. LVDT - 42 4.3 Borehole Drilling Process - 43 1. Drilling Borehole and Drilling System Layout - 43 2. Drilling machine setup - 46 3. Drilling procedure - 48 4. Drilling sequence - 50 4.4 Anchor Preparation and Installation - 51 1. HPI Strain Gage Installation - 52 2. Geokon Strain Gage Installation - 55 3. Anchor Installation Process - 57 4. Backfill Material Preparation and Grouting - 58 5. Backfill Material Mixing - 59 4.5 Loading System Setup - 62 1. Loading system for shallow anchor - 62 2. Loading system for duckbill - 68 4.6 Data Acquisition System Setup - 69 4.7 Duckbill Removal and Anchor Pullout Test - 71 1. Duckbill Removal - 71 2. Pullout Test System Setup - 72 Chapter 5 Test Results and Data Analysis - 75 5.1 Laboratory Pullout Test Results and Analysis (UAF Laboratory) 75 1. Effect of Temperature and Water Content - 77 2. Design Chats for Creep Rate at Different Temperature and Water Content - 78 5.2 Grouting Temperature Test Results and Analysis (Permafrost Tunnel) - 79 5.3 Duckbill Test Results and Analysis (Permafrost Tunnel) - 85 5.4 Load Distribution along Anchor Shaft for Bar-Type Anchors (Permafrost Tunnel) - 88 5.5 Displacement vs. Time Curves (Permafrost Tunnel) - 98 5.6 Pullout Test Results and Analysis - 103 Chapter 6 Conclusion and Recommendation - 111 6.1 Conclusions - 111 6.2 Recommendations - 112 References - 113 Appendix A Displacement vs. Time Curves - 116 Appendix B Grouting Temperature - 123 Appendix C Load Distribution - 126 Appendix D Displacement vs. Time Curve Revision - 134 Appendix E Pullout Test Results - 14

Proteomic Analyses Reveal Common Promiscuous Patterns of Cell Surface Proteins on Human Embryonic Stem Cells and Sperms

BACKGROUND: It has long been proposed that early embryos and reproductive organs exhibit similar gene expression profiles. However, whether this similarity is propagated to the protein level remains largely unknown. We have previously characterised the promiscuous expression pattern of cell surface proteins on mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells. As cell surface proteins also play critical functions in human embryonic stem (hES) cells and germ cells, it is important to reveal whether a promiscuous pattern of cell surface proteins also exists for these cells. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Surface proteins of hES cells and human mature sperms (hSperms) were purified by biotin labelling and subjected to proteomic analyses. More than 1000 transmembrane or secreted cell surface proteins were identified on the two cell types, respectively. Proteins from both cell types covered a large variety of functional categories including signal transduction, adhesion and transporting. Moreover, both cell types promiscuously expressed a wide variety of tissue specific surface proteins, and some surface proteins were heterogeneously expressed. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings indicate that the promiscuous expression of functional and tissue specific cell surface proteins may be a common pattern in embryonic stem cells and germ cells. The conservation of gene expression patterns between early embryonic cells and reproductive cells is propagated to the protein level. These results have deep implications for the cell surface signature characterisation of pluripotent stem cells and germ cells and may lead the way to a new area of study, i.e., the functional significance of promiscuous gene expression in pluripotent and germ cells

Geochemistry of the fracture-cave calcite of the Ordovician Yingshan Formation and its paleokarst environment in the Tazhong area, Tarim Basin, China

The fracture-cave reservoir of the Yingshan Formation is an important oil and gas producing zone in the Tarim Basin. Karstification occurs at the top surface of the carbonate rocks of the Yingshan Formation on the northern slope of the Tazhong area due to a short exposure, so abundant fracture-cave spaces are formed. On the basis of the data of nearly 49 samples obtained from 21 wells, the carbon and oxygen isotopes of the fracture-cave calcite were analyzed. The carbon and oxygen stable isotopic characteristics recorded during paleokarstification were discussed to provide geochemical evidence for predicting the distribution of the fracture-cave reservoirs, as well as to understand the genetic mechanism of karst fracture-caves and the fluid properties and paleo-hydrological conditions of paleokarstification. The fracture-cave calcite can be divided into three types based on its carbon and oxygen isotope values, which indicate three types of paleokarst environments with different fluid properties. Type I calcite has similar carbon and oxygen isotope values to the bedrock of the Yingshan Formation, with δ13C values of − 2.0 to 1.1‰ and δ18O values of − 5.76 to − 8.16‰. These values indicate that the calcite was precipitated in the eogenetic karst environment of the Yingshan Formation. Type II calcite has a δ13C value of − 2.13 to 1.0‰ and a δ18O value of − 12.41 to − 8.0‰. It has a similar δ13C value, but a significantly negative oxygen isotope value compared with values of the bedrock of the Yingshan Formation, indicating a buried karst environment. Type III calcite has an extremely negative δ18O value (δ18O value \u3c − 14.50‰), indicating hypothermal karst genesis. Its formation is related to magma or deep hydrothermal fluids. No calcite with atmospheric freshwater genesis and significantly negative δ13C and δ18O values was found in the samples, indicating that the formation of fracture-caves is weakly affected by atmospheric freshwater. The main reservoir space of the Yingshan Formation is karst caves. The calcit

Research on Fractal Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Pore-Throats in Tight Sandstone Reservoirs: A Case Study of Chang 6 of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in Huaqing Area, Ordos Basin, China

In recent years, tight sandstone oil and gas have been an important area for unconventional oil and gas exploration and development in China. It is of great significance to clarify the pore-throat structure characteristics of tight sandstone reservoirs to guide production practices. This study takes the tight sandstone of the sixth member of the Yanchang Formation in the Huaqing area, Ordos Basin, as an example, based on experimental methods such as high-pressure mercury intrusion, cast thin sections and scanning electron microscopy. At the same time, the pore-throat structure of tight sandstone reservoirs is divided into three types using the tube-bundle and spherical fractal models. The corresponding pore and throat radius distribution, pore-throat combination mode and influencing factors of various pore-throats are studied. The results show that the fractal dimension of type I pore-throats is the smallest, and the distribution of their pore-throat radii is the most uniform. They are dominated by intercrystalline pores and dissolution pores with tube-bundle throats and small pores with small throats. Type II pore-throats have the largest fractal dimension and the worst pore-throat uniformity. They are dominated by residual primary intergranular pores with necked throats and large pores with small throats. The type III pore-throat fractal dimension is in the middle, mainly composed of residual dissolved intergranular pores with pore-reduced throats, sheet-like and curved sheet-like throats, and large pores with large throats. The influence of different pore-throat combinations on the reservoir is reflected in the different characteristics of mercury injection parameters. The main influencing factors for the differences in the fractal dimensions of different pore-throats are diagenesis, rock composition and pore-throat combination type. Diagenesis and rock composition, in turn, affect the type and development degree of pore-throats, as well as the combination of pore-throats. The purpose of this study was to clarify the internal connection modes of different homogeneous pore-throats and their influencing factors, enrich the theoretical basis for the study of tight sandstone reservoirs and provide theoretical guidance for their exploration and development

Eogenetic Karst Control of Carbonate Reservoirs during a Transient Exposure: A Case Study of the Ordovician Yingshan Formation in the Northern Slope of the Tazhong Uplift, Tarim Basin, China

The Tazhong area of the Tarim Basin contains abundant oil and gas resources in Ordovician carbonate rocks, especially in the karst pores and caves of the Yingshan Formation. Research has indicated that the Yingshan Formation underwent a 7–11 Ma exposure during the middle Caledonian Period, resulting in large-scale karst pores and caves. However, the continental freshwater karst model cannot adequately explain the origin and distribution of karst pores and caves. In order to develop a more accurate karst model to guide petroleum exploration in the region, we analyzed the karst morphology, cave development statistics, and paleokarst environments. Karst reservoir characteristics were analyzed on the basis of the following analysis: (1) Karst morphological analyses based on core description and formation micro-imager (FMI) log analyses. The results showed that alveolar-like and Swiss cheese-like solution pores, spongy dissolution zones, pit cenotes, and small continuous karst caves developed in the Yingshan Formation. (2) The statistical analysis of pore and cave characteristics indicated that most of the karst pores and caves developed within 50 m below the unconformity where the average height of these features ranged from 0.1 to 3.0 m and their widths ranged up to 100 m. These pores and caves were commonly filled with gravel, clay, and calcite. Horizontal well and seismic attribute analysis indicated that these pores and caves were distributed over a large area. In plain view, the karst pore-cave system is comprised of cross-linked anastomosing networks of horizontal cave passages. And (3) Cathode luminescence and electron microprobe analyses suggested that clay filling within karst caves was freshwater related, while calcite filling was of seawater origin. Cements within solution pores showed three phases of luminescence, suggesting an alternating freshwater and seawater environment. Based on these characteristics, the karsts of the Yingshan Formation in the Tazhong area are interpreted to be similar to the eogenetic karsts in the Yucatan Peninsula of modern Mexico. Accordingly, this study indicates that the pore-caves of the Yingshan Formation can be subdivided into three sections. Further, the development and filling of these pore-cave sections are interpreted to have formed by eogenetic mixed-water karstification during three phases of relatively stable sea level in a coastal margin environment

Polyaniline-Assisted Synthesis of Si@C/RGO as Anode Material for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries

A novel approach to fabricate Si@carbon/reduced graphene oxides composite (Si@C/RGO) assisted by polyaniline (PANI) is developed. Here, PANI not only serves as “glue” to combine Si nanoparticles with graphene oxides through electrostatic attraction but also can be pyrolyzed as carbon layer coated on Si particles during subsequent annealing treatment. The assembled composite delivers high reversible capacity of 1121 mAh g^–1 at a current density of 0.9 A g^–1 over 230 cycles with improved initial Coulombic efficiency of 81.1%, while the bare Si and Si@carbon only retain specific capacity of 50 and 495 mAh g^–1 at 0.3 A g^–1 after 50 cycles, respectively. The enhanced electrochemical performance of Si@C/RGO can be attributed to the dual protection of carbon layer and graphene sheets, which are synergistically capable of overcoming the drawbacks of inner Si particles such as huge volume change and low conductivity and providing protective and conductive matrix to buffer the volume variation, prevent the Si particles from aggregating, enhance the conductivity, and stabilize the solid–electrolyte interface membrane during cycling. Importantly, this method opens a novel, universal graphene coating strategy, which can be extended to other fascinating anode and cathode materials