Binomial upper bounds on generalized moments and tail probabilities of (super)martingales with differences bounded from above

Let $(S_0,S_1,...)$ be a supermartingale relative to a nondecreasing sequence of $\sigma$-algebras $H_{\le0},H_{\le1},...$, with $S_0\le0$ almost surely (a.s.) and differences $X_i:=S_i-S_{i-1}$. Suppose that $X_i\le d$ and $\mathsf {Var}(X_i|H_{\le i-1})\le \sigma_i^2$ a.s. for every $i=1,2,...$, where $d>0$ and $\sigma_i>0$ are non-random constants. Let $T_n:=Z_1+...+Z_n$, where $Z_1,...,Z_n$ are i.i.d. r.v.'s each taking on only two values, one of which is $d$, and satisfying the conditions $\mathsf {E}Z_i=0$ and $\mathsf {Var}Z_i=\sigma ^2:=\frac{1}{n}(\sigma_1^2+...+\sigma_n^2)$. Then, based on a comparison inequality between generalized moments of $S_n$ and $T_n$ for a rich class of generalized moment functions, the tail comparison inequality \mathsf P(S_n\ge y) \le c \mathsf P^{\mathsf Lin,\mathsf L C}(T_n\ge y+\tfrach2)\quad\forall y\in \mathbb R is obtained, where $c:=e^2/2=3.694...$, $h:=d+\sigma ^2/d$, and the function $y\mapsto \mathsf {P}^{\mathsf {Lin},\mathsf {LC}}(T_n\ge y)$ is the least log-concave majorant of the linear interpolation of the tail function $y\mapsto \mathsf {P}(T_n\ge y)$ over the lattice of all points of the form $nd+kh$ ($k\in \mathbb {Z}$). An explicit formula for $\mathsf {P}^{\mathsf {Lin},\mathsf {LC}}(T_n\ge y+\tfrac{h}{2})$ is given. Another, similar bound is given under somewhat different conditions. It is shown that these bounds improve significantly upon known bounds.Comment: Published at http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/074921706000000743 in the IMS Lecture Notes Monograph Series (http://www.imstat.org/publications/lecnotes.htm) by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (http://www.imstat.org

Aromatic amino acid requirement for pregnant swine

Two trials were conducted to determine the total aromatic amino acids (TAAA) and phenylalanine (L-PHE) requirement for pregnant swine. In trial one, twelve Yorkshire x Landrace (Y x L) gravid gilts and in trial two six Y x L gravid gilts were assigned to 6 x 6 Latin-square experiments from d 40 to d 100 of gestation. A basal 12% protein diet of dextrose, corn starch, dried whey, L-glutamic acid, solka floc, soybean oil, amino acids, minerals and vitamins was fed at a rate of 1.82 kg/d. In trial one, the basal diet (.13% L-PHE plus L-TYR) was supplemented with L-PHE to provide 2.37 (basal), 4.19, 6.00, 7.83, 9.65, and 11.47 grams/day (g/d) TAAA. In trial two, the basal diet was supplemented with 6.00 g/d L-TYR and 1.46 (basal), 2.27, 3.27, 4.20, 5.10, and 6.00 g/d L-PHE. Each treatment diet was fed within each of six 10-d periods. In trial one, urine nitrogen (N) excretion decreased, while daily (N) retention increased (lin. P \u3c .01, quad. P \u3c .05) with increasing levels of TAAA intake to a breakpoint of .43% and .42% or 7.38 and 7.64 g/d TAAA, respectively. Fasting and postfed plasma urine N concentrations decreased (lin. and quad. P \u3c .01) to a breakpoint of .37% and .34% or 6.73 and 6.19 g/d, respectively. Urine urea decreased (lin. P \u3c .01) with increasing dietary TAAA to 9.65 g/d or .53% intake. Plasma L-PHE and L-TYR increased (lin. P \u3c .01) as dietary total TAAA intake increased. In trial two, maximum N retention and minimum urine N excretion (lin. P \u3c .05) occurred when 5.10 g/d L-PHE (.28% of diet) were consumed. Plasma urea N did not change significantly, however, the lowest level occurred at an intake of 2.73 g/d L-PHE (.15% of diet). Urine N responded (quartic, P \u3c .05) to increasing levels of L-PHE with minimum excretion occurring when 4.2 g/d L-PHE (.23% of diet) were consumed. As L-PHE intake increased plasma L-PHE concentrations postfed increased (lin. P \u3c .01) and 3.27 g/d L-PHE (.18% of diet) increased postfed concentrations equal to fasted concentrations. Fasting levels of L-TYR increased (lin. P \u3c .05; cubic, P \u3c .01) with increasing levels of L-PHE intake while postfed concentration did not change. Considering the criteria evaluated in trial 1 and adjusting for diets containing natural feedstuffs, .41% or 7.44 g/d TAAA seems to meet the dietary requirement for pregnancy. Response criteria in trial 2 suggest a minimal L-PHE intake of .24% or 4.35 g/d

Electronic properties and 4f→ 5d transitions in Ce-doped Lu2SiO5: a theoretical investigation

This is an electronic version of an article published in Journal of Materials Chemistry. Ning, L., Lin, L., Li, L., Wu, C., Duan, C., Zhang, Y. and Luis Seijo. "Electronic properties and 4f 5d transitions in Ce-doped Lu2SiO5: a theoretical investigation". Journal of Materials Chemistry 22 (2012): 13723-1373

Dual enzyme-triggered controlled release on capped nanometric silica mesoporous supports

We thank the Spanish Government (project MAT2009-14564-C04 and CTQ2007-64735-AR07) the Generalitat Valencia (project PROMETEO/2009/016) for support. A.A. and L.M. thank the Generalitat Valenciana for their Santiago Grisolia Fellowship and VALI+D postdoctoral contract, respectively. We thank the confocal microscopy service from CIPF for technical support.Agostini, A.; Mondragón Martínez, L.; Coll Merino, MC.; Aznar Gimeno, E.; Marcos Martínez, MD.; Martínez Mañez, R.; Sancenón Galarza, F.... (2012). Dual enzyme-triggered controlled release on capped nanometric silica mesoporous supports. ChemistryOpen. 1:17-20. https://doi.org/10.1002/open.201200003S17201Saha, S., Leung, K. C.-F., Nguyen, T. D., Stoddart, J. F., & Zink, J. I. (2007). Nanovalves. Advanced Functional Materials, 17(5), 685-693. doi:10.1002/adfm.200600989Trewyn, B. G., Slowing, I. I., Giri, S., Chen, H.-T., & Lin, V. S.-Y. (2007). Synthesis and Functionalization of a Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle Based on the Sol–Gel Process and Applications in Controlled Release. Accounts of Chemical Research, 40(9), 846-853. doi:10.1021/ar600032uAznar, E., Martínez-Máñez, R., & Sancenón, F. (2009). Controlled release using mesoporous materials containing gate-like scaffoldings. Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 6(6), 643-655. doi:10.1517/17425240902895980Beck, J. S., Vartuli, J. C., Roth, W. J., Leonowicz, M. E., Kresge, C. T., Schmitt, K. D., … Schlenker, J. L. (1992). A new family of mesoporous molecular sieves prepared with liquid crystal templates. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 114(27), 10834-10843. doi:10.1021/ja00053a020Wight, A. P., & Davis, M. E. (2002). Design and Preparation of Organic−Inorganic Hybrid Catalysts. Chemical Reviews, 102(10), 3589-3614. doi:10.1021/cr010334mKickelbick, G. (2004). Mesoporöse anorganisch-organische Hybridmaterialien. Angewandte Chemie, 116(24), 3164-3166. doi:10.1002/ange.200301751Kickelbick, G. (2004). Hybrid Inorganic–Organic Mesoporous Materials. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 43(24), 3102-3104. doi:10.1002/anie.200301751Mal, N. K., Fujiwara, M., & Tanaka, Y. (2003). Photocontrolled reversible release of guest molecules from coumarin-modified mesoporous silica. Nature, 421(6921), 350-353. doi:10.1038/nature01362Mal, N. K., Fujiwara, M., Tanaka, Y., Taguchi, T., & Matsukata, M. (2003). Photo-Switched Storage and Release of Guest Molecules in the Pore Void of Coumarin-Modified MCM-41. Chemistry of Materials, 15(17), 3385-3394. doi:10.1021/cm0343296Zhu, Y., & Fujiwara, M. (2007). Installing Dynamic Molecular Photomechanics in Mesopores: A Multifunctional Controlled-Release Nanosystem. Angewandte Chemie, 119(13), 2291-2294. doi:10.1002/ange.200604850Zhu, Y., & Fujiwara, M. (2007). Installing Dynamic Molecular Photomechanics in Mesopores: A Multifunctional Controlled-Release Nanosystem. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 46(13), 2241-2244. doi:10.1002/anie.200604850Liu, N., Chen, Z., Dunphy, D. R., Jiang, Y.-B., Assink, R. A., & Brinker, C. J. (2003). Angewandte Chemie, 115(15), 1773-1776. doi:10.1002/ange.200250189Liu, N., Chen, Z., Dunphy, D. R., Jiang, Y.-B., Assink, R. A., & Brinker, C. J. (2003). Photoresponsive Nanocomposite Formed by Self-Assembly of an Azobenzene-Modified Silane. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 42(15), 1731-1734. doi:10.1002/anie.200250189Aznar, E., Casasús, R., García-Acosta, B., Marcos, M. D., Martínez-Máñez, R., Sancenón, F., … Amorós, P. (2007). Photochemical and Chemical Two-Channel Control of Functional Nanogated Hybrid Architectures. Advanced Materials, 19(17), 2228-2231. doi:10.1002/adma.200601958Park, C., Lee, K., & Kim, C. (2009). Photoresponsive Cyclodextrin-Covered Nanocontainers and Their Sol-Gel Transition Induced by Molecular Recognition. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 48(7), 1275-1278. doi:10.1002/anie.200803880Ferris, D. P., Zhao, Y.-L., Khashab, N. M., Khatib, H. A., Stoddart, J. F., & Zink, J. I. (2009). Light-Operated Mechanized Nanoparticles. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131(5), 1686-1688. doi:10.1021/ja807798gLin, Q., Huang, Q., Li, C., Bao, C., Liu, Z., Li, F., & Zhu, L. (2010). Anticancer Drug Release from a Mesoporous Silica Based Nanophotocage Regulated by Either a One- or Two-Photon Process. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132(31), 10645-10647. doi:10.1021/ja103415tKnežević, N. Ž., Trewyn, B. G., & Lin, V. S.-Y. (2011). Light- and pH-Responsive Release of Doxorubicin from a Mesoporous Silica-Based Nanocarrier. Chemistry - A European Journal, 17(12), 3338-3342. doi:10.1002/chem.201002960Knežević, N. Ž., Trewyn, B. G., & Lin, V. S.-Y. (2011). Functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticle-based visible light responsive controlled release delivery system. Chemical Communications, 47(10), 2817. doi:10.1039/c0cc04424eTrewyn, B. G., Giri, S., Slowing, I. I., & Lin, V. S.-Y. (2007). Mesoporous silica nanoparticle based controlled release, drug delivery, and biosensor systems. Chemical Communications, (31), 3236. doi:10.1039/b701744hTorney, F., Trewyn, B. G., Lin, V. S.-Y., & Wang, K. (2007). Mesoporous silica nanoparticles deliver DNA and chemicals into plants. Nature Nanotechnology, 2(5), 295-300. doi:10.1038/nnano.2007.108Radu, D. R., Lai, C.-Y., Jeftinija, K., Rowe, E. W., Jeftinija, S., & Lin, V. S.-Y. (2004). A Polyamidoamine Dendrimer-Capped Mesoporous Silica Nanosphere-Based Gene Transfection Reagent. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 126(41), 13216-13217. doi:10.1021/ja046275mGiri, S., Trewyn, B. G., Stellmaker, M. P., & Lin, V. S.-Y. (2005). Stimuli-Responsive Controlled-Release Delivery System Based on Mesoporous Silica Nanorods Capped with Magnetic Nanoparticles. Angewandte Chemie, 117(32), 5166-5172. doi:10.1002/ange.200501819Giri, S., Trewyn, B. G., Stellmaker, M. P., & Lin, V. S.-Y. (2005). Stimuli-Responsive Controlled-Release Delivery System Based on Mesoporous Silica Nanorods Capped with Magnetic Nanoparticles. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 44(32), 5038-5044. doi:10.1002/anie.200501819Fujiwara, M., Terashima, S., Endo, Y., Shiokawa, K., & Ohue, H. (2006). Switching catalytic reaction conducted in pore void of mesoporous material by redox gate control. Chemical Communications, (44), 4635. doi:10.1039/b610444dLiu, R., Zhao, X., Wu, T., & Feng, P. (2008). Tunable Redox-Responsive Hybrid Nanogated Ensembles. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 130(44), 14418-14419. doi:10.1021/ja8060886Nguyen, T. D., Liu, Y., Saha, S., Leung, K. C.-F., Stoddart, J. F., & Zink, J. I. (2007). Design and Optimization of Molecular Nanovalves Based on Redox-Switchable Bistable Rotaxanes. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 129(3), 626-634. doi:10.1021/ja065485rCasasús, R., Marcos, M. D., Martínez-Máñez, R., Ros-Lis, J. V., Soto, J., Villaescusa, L. A., … Latorre, J. (2004). Toward the Development of Ionically Controlled Nanoscopic Molecular Gates. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 126(28), 8612-8613. doi:10.1021/ja048095iCasasús, R., Climent, E., Marcos, M. D., Martínez-Máñez, R., Sancenón, F., Soto, J., … Ruiz, E. (2008). Dual Aperture Control on pH- and Anion-Driven Supramolecular Nanoscopic Hybrid Gate-like Ensembles. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 130(6), 1903-1917. doi:10.1021/ja0756772Aznar, E., Marcos, M. D., Martínez-Máñez, R., Sancenón, F., Soto, J., Amorós, P., & Guillem, C. (2009). pH- and Photo-Switched Release of Guest Molecules from Mesoporous Silica Supports. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131(19), 6833-6843. doi:10.1021/ja810011pAngelos, S., Yang, Y.-W., Khashab, N. M., Stoddart, J. F., & Zink, J. I. (2009). Dual-Controlled Nanoparticles Exhibiting AND Logic. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131(32), 11344-11346. doi:10.1021/ja9042752Angelos, S., Yang, Y.-W., Patel, K., Stoddart, J. F., & Zink, J. I. (2008). pH-Responsive Supramolecular Nanovalves Based on Cucurbit[6]uril Pseudorotaxanes. Angewandte Chemie, 120(12), 2254-2258. doi:10.1002/ange.200705211Angelos, S., Yang, Y.-W., Patel, K., Stoddart, J. F., & Zink, J. I. (2008). pH-Responsive Supramolecular Nanovalves Based on Cucurbit[6]uril Pseudorotaxanes. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 47(12), 2222-2226. doi:10.1002/anie.200705211Angelos, S., Khashab, N. M., Yang, Y.-W., Trabolsi, A., Khatib, H. A., Stoddart, J. F., & Zink, J. I. (2009). pH Clock-Operated Mechanized Nanoparticles. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131(36), 12912-12914. doi:10.1021/ja9010157Du, L., Liao, S., Khatib, H. A., Stoddart, J. F., & Zink, J. I. (2009). Controlled-Access Hollow Mechanized Silica Nanocontainers. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131(42), 15136-15142. doi:10.1021/ja904982jYang, Q., Wang, S., Fan, P., Wang, L., Di, Y., Lin, K., & Xiao, F.-S. (2005). pH-Responsive Carrier System Based on Carboxylic Acid Modified Mesoporous Silica and Polyelectrolyte for Drug Delivery. Chemistry of Materials, 17(24), 5999-6003. doi:10.1021/cm051198vPark, C., Oh, K., Lee, S. C., & Kim, C. (2007). Controlled Release of Guest Molecules from Mesoporous Silica Particles Based on a pH-Responsive Polypseudorotaxane Motif. Angewandte Chemie, 119(9), 1477-1479. doi:10.1002/ange.200603404Park, C., Oh, K., Lee, S. C., & Kim, C. (2007). Controlled Release of Guest Molecules from Mesoporous Silica Particles Based on a pH-Responsive Polypseudorotaxane Motif. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 46(9), 1455-1457. doi:10.1002/anie.200603404Chen, L., Di, J., Cao, C., Zhao, Y., Ma, Y., Luo, J., … Jiang, L. (2011). A pH-driven DNA nanoswitch for responsive controlled release. Chemical Communications, 47(10), 2850. doi:10.1039/c0cc04765aCliment, E., Bernardos, A., Martínez-Máñez, R., Maquieira, A., Marcos, M. D., Pastor-Navarro, N., … Amorós, P. (2009). Controlled Delivery Systems Using Antibody-Capped Mesoporous Nanocontainers. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131(39), 14075-14080. doi:10.1021/ja904456dCliment, E., Martínez-Máñez, R., Sancenón, F., Marcos, M. D., Soto, J., Maquieira, A., & Amorós, P. (2010). Controlled Delivery Using Oligonucleotide-Capped Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. Angewandte Chemie, 122(40), 7439-7441. doi:10.1002/ange.201001847Climent, E., Martínez-Máñez, R., Sancenón, F., Marcos, M. D., Soto, J., Maquieira, A., & Amorós, P. (2010). Controlled Delivery Using Oligonucleotide-Capped Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 49(40), 7281-7283. doi:10.1002/anie.201001847Patel, K., Angelos, S., Dichtel, W. R., Coskun, A., Yang, Y.-W., Zink, J. I., & Stoddart, J. F. (2008). Enzyme-Responsive Snap-Top Covered Silica Nanocontainers. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 130(8), 2382-2383. doi:10.1021/ja0772086Schlossbauer, A., Kecht, J., & Bein, T. (2009). Biotin-Avidin as a Protease-Responsive Cap System for Controlled Guest Release from Colloidal Mesoporous Silica. Angewandte Chemie, 121(17), 3138-3141. doi:10.1002/ange.200805818Schlossbauer, A., Kecht, J., & Bein, T. (2009). Biotin-Avidin as a Protease-Responsive Cap System for Controlled Guest Release from Colloidal Mesoporous Silica. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 48(17), 3092-3095. doi:10.1002/anie.200805818Bernardos, A., Aznar, E., Marcos, M. D., Martínez-Máñez, R., Sancenón, F., Soto, J., … Amorós, P. (2009). Enzyme-Responsive Controlled Release Using Mesoporous Silica Supports Capped with Lactose. Angewandte Chemie, 121(32), 5998-6001. doi:10.1002/ange.200900880Bernardos, A., Aznar, E., Marcos, M. D., Martínez-Máñez, R., Sancenón, F., Soto, J., … Amorós, P. (2009). Enzyme-Responsive Controlled Release Using Mesoporous Silica Supports Capped with Lactose. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 48(32), 5884-5887. doi:10.1002/anie.200900880Bernardos, A., Mondragón, L., Aznar, E., Marcos, M. D., Martínez-Máñez, R., Sancenón, F., … Amorós, P. (2010). Enzyme-Responsive Intracellular Controlled Release Using Nanometric Silica Mesoporous Supports Capped with «Saccharides». ACS Nano, 4(11), 6353-6368. doi:10.1021/nn101499dPark, C., Kim, H., Kim, S., & Kim, C. (2009). Enzyme Responsive Nanocontainers with Cyclodextrin Gatekeepers and Synergistic Effects in Release of Guests. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 131(46), 16614-16615. doi:10.1021/ja9061085Thornton, P. D., & Heise, A. (2010). Highly Specific Dual Enzyme-Mediated Payload Release from Peptide-Coated Silica Particles. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132(6), 2024-2028. doi:10.1021/ja9094439Coll, C., Mondragón, L., Martínez-Máñez, R., Sancenón, F., Marcos, M. D., Soto, J., … Pérez-Payá, E. (2011). Enzyme-Mediated Controlled Release Systems by Anchoring Peptide Sequences on Mesoporous Silica Supports. Angewandte Chemie, 123(9), 2186-2188. doi:10.1002/ange.201004133Coll, C., Mondragón, L., Martínez-Máñez, R., Sancenón, F., Marcos, M. D., Soto, J., … Pérez-Payá, E. (2011). Enzyme-Mediated Controlled Release Systems by Anchoring Peptide Sequences on Mesoporous Silica Supports. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 50(9), 2138-2140. doi:10.1002/anie.201004133Cabrera, S., El Haskouri, J., Guillem, C., Latorre, J., Beltrán-Porter, A., Beltrán-Porter, D., … Amorós *, P. (2000). Generalised syntheses of ordered mesoporous oxides: the atrane route. Solid State Sciences, 2(4), 405-420. doi:10.1016/s1293-2558(00)00152-7Goldcamp, M. J., Rosa, D. T., Landers, N. A., Mandel, S. M., Krause Bauer, J. A., & Baldwin, M. J. (2000). Facile and Versatile Synthesis of Polydentate Metal Chelators with Both Amide and Oxime Donor Groups. Synthesis, 2000(14), 2033-2038. doi:10.1055/s-2000-8724Felix, F., Ferguson, J., Guedel, H. U., & Ludi, A. (1980). The electronic spectrum of tris(2,2’-bipyridine)ruthenium(2+). Journal of the American Chemical Society, 102(12), 4096-4102. doi:10.1021/ja00532a019Lytle, F. E., & Hercules, D. M. (1969). Luminescence of tris(2,2’-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) dichloride. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 91(2), 253-257. doi:10.1021/ja01030a00

A Probabilistic Embedding Clustering Method for Urban Structure Detection

Urban structure detection is a basic task in urban geography. Clustering is a core technology to detect the patterns of urban spatial structure, urban functional region, and so on. In big data era, diverse urban sensing datasets recording information like human behaviour and human social activity, suffer from complexity in high dimension and high noise. And unfortunately, the state-of-the-art clustering methods does not handle the problem with high dimension and high noise issues concurrently. In this paper, a probabilistic embedding clustering method is proposed. Firstly, we come up with a Probabilistic Embedding Model (PEM) to find latent features from high dimensional urban sensing data by learning via probabilistic model. By latent features, we could catch essential features hidden in high dimensional data known as patterns; with the probabilistic model, we can also reduce uncertainty caused by high noise. Secondly, through tuning the parameters, our model could discover two kinds of urban structure, the homophily and structural equivalence, which means communities with intensive interaction or in the same roles in urban structure. We evaluated the performance of our model by conducting experiments on real-world data and experiments with real data in Shanghai (China) proved that our method could discover two kinds of urban structure, the homophily and structural equivalence, which means clustering community with intensive interaction or under the same roles in urban space.Comment: 6 pages, 7 figures, ICSDM201