255 research outputs found
Interactions of Actors and Local Institutions in Policy Process - From Patriotic Health Campaign to Healthy City in Shanghai
The majority of the world’s population lives in urban areas, and more and more people are migrating to urban areas. However, the health hazards of urban life affect the population as well. They often suffer from non-communicable diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancer and psychosocial problems. To address the increasing concerns about urban health, the WHO developed health promotion initiatives, known as the Healthy Cities programmes in 1986, which aim to place health high on the agendas of decision-makers and to promote comprehensive local strategies for health promotion and sustainable development. It successfully engages local governments in health development from thousands of cities worldwide in both developed and developing countries, including China.
In 1994, China started to develop Healthy City pilot projects in the name of Healthy Cities with the suggestion of the WHO. However, the Chinese government started related activities about the environment and health long before WHO introduced the concept of Healthy Cities. The Patriotic Health Campaign was launched in 1952; despite it being a social movement that was not exclusively oriented to urban areas, it paved the way for Healthy Cities programmes in China. Since 1984, the National Government developed more than 40 policies and National Hygienic Cities to improve the urban environment and support Healthy Cities-related activities. However, the implementation of national policies depends on local level actions where collaboration across sectors is problematic, especially since different ministries tend to work separately according to their own prioritized programme.
Shanghai is the first mega-city in China to initiate the action for Healthy City development. It was successful in raising high standards for the health status of the population and improving the urban environment in a quantitative way. However, institutional change, especially intersectoral collaboration remains a big challenge for the implementation. Therefore, it would be interesting to know how the local actors develop the Healthy City programme in the specific context of China.
However, there is a lack of empirical studies on the Healthy City programme, and few studies focus on intersectoral relationships in Healthy City development; some researches only include limited actors, and some fail to identify the local institutional settings and connect with the international context. On this background, it looks into the policy making processes of making different programmes at different stages as well as the respective modes of policy implementation. This research aims to unfold how local actors develop the Healthy City programme in Shanghai.
Two propositions are guiding the analysis: first, whereas policies in China are mainly developed on a national level where everyday challenges of individual local level entities do not play a decisive role, Healthy City policies are implemented on the local level (of cities or city districts) where municipal specificities and local conditions heavily influence the action potentials and actions of authorities and other stakeholders. Second, whereas Healthy City-oriented policies are comprehensive in nature, their implementation is rather fragmented and sectoral.
The study applies an approach that is influenced by the discussion about actor-centered institutionalism. The interpretive lens of actor-centered institutionalism is taken to identify the main actors, analyse how they interact with each other, and the underlying institutional settings that are crucial to interpreting policy making and policy implementation. The study will also find out whether the actor-centered institutionalism approach is fully applicable under the conditions of China, or whether certain modifications are to be made.
The research follows a qualitative approach, collecting data from multiple sources such as documents, including historic documents in archives, and interviews, combining a variety of research methods including stakeholder analysis, discourse analysis and network analysis. Shanghai is used as a case study as it has the longest experience with the implementation of Healthy City programmes in China, and was also the first to issue a Healthy City Action Plan in 2003. It established the first municipal committee for health promotion in 2005. Whereas the older programmes are analysed based on documents, the latest Healthy City programme is scrutinised by employing document analysis and interviews of different stakeholders in order to get an in-depth understanding of the policy making and implementation processes.
This thesis aspires to contribute to the empirical knowledge of the development of public policies, the understanding of actors and actor constellations in Healthy City programmes with reference to specific institutional settings in China, and examining the compatibility and limitations of this interpretive lens in the Chinese context. Moreover, policy recommendations related to practice in Shanghai are provided as further motivation and commitment to Healthy City development in China
Prompted Contrast with Masked Motion Modeling: Towards Versatile 3D Action Representation Learning
Self-supervised learning has proved effective for skeleton-based human action
understanding, which is an important yet challenging topic. Previous works
mainly rely on contrastive learning or masked motion modeling paradigm to model
the skeleton relations. However, the sequence-level and joint-level
representation learning cannot be effectively and simultaneously handled by
these methods. As a result, the learned representations fail to generalize to
different downstream tasks. Moreover, combining these two paradigms in a naive
manner leaves the synergy between them untapped and can lead to interference in
training. To address these problems, we propose Prompted Contrast with Masked
Motion Modeling, PCM, for versatile 3D action representation
learning. Our method integrates the contrastive learning and masked prediction
tasks in a mutually beneficial manner, which substantially boosts the
generalization capacity for various downstream tasks. Specifically, masked
prediction provides novel training views for contrastive learning, which in
turn guides the masked prediction training with high-level semantic
information. Moreover, we propose a dual-prompted multi-task pretraining
strategy, which further improves model representations by reducing the
interference caused by learning the two different pretext tasks. Extensive
experiments on five downstream tasks under three large-scale datasets are
conducted, demonstrating the superior generalization capacity of PCM
compared to the state-of-the-art works. Our project is publicly available at:
https://jhang2020.github.io/Projects/PCM3/PCM3.html .Comment: Accepted by ACM Multimedia 202
Hierarchical Consistent Contrastive Learning for Skeleton-Based Action Recognition with Growing Augmentations
Contrastive learning has been proven beneficial for self-supervised
skeleton-based action recognition. Most contrastive learning methods utilize
carefully designed augmentations to generate different movement patterns of
skeletons for the same semantics. However, it is still a pending issue to apply
strong augmentations, which distort the images/skeletons' structures and cause
semantic loss, due to their resulting unstable training. In this paper, we
investigate the potential of adopting strong augmentations and propose a
general hierarchical consistent contrastive learning framework (HiCLR) for
skeleton-based action recognition. Specifically, we first design a gradual
growing augmentation policy to generate multiple ordered positive pairs, which
guide to achieve the consistency of the learned representation from different
views. Then, an asymmetric loss is proposed to enforce the hierarchical
consistency via a directional clustering operation in the feature space,
pulling the representations from strongly augmented views closer to those from
weakly augmented views for better generalizability. Meanwhile, we propose and
evaluate three kinds of strong augmentations for 3D skeletons to demonstrate
the effectiveness of our method. Extensive experiments show that HiCLR
outperforms the state-of-the-art methods notably on three large-scale datasets,
i.e., NTU60, NTU120, and PKUMMD.Comment: Accepted by AAAI 2023. Project page:
https://jhang2020.github.io/Projects/HiCLR/HiCLR.htm
Semi-Supervised Learning for Mars Imagery Classification and Segmentation
With the progress of Mars exploration, numerous Mars image data are collected
and need to be analyzed. However, due to the imbalance and distortion of
Martian data, the performance of existing computer vision models is
unsatisfactory. In this paper, we introduce a semi-supervised framework for
machine vision on Mars and try to resolve two specific tasks: classification
and segmentation. Contrastive learning is a powerful representation learning
technique. However, there is too much information overlap between Martian data
samples, leading to a contradiction between contrastive learning and Martian
data. Our key idea is to reconcile this contradiction with the help of
annotations and further take advantage of unlabeled data to improve
performance. For classification, we propose to ignore inner-class pairs on
labeled data as well as neglect negative pairs on unlabeled data, forming
supervised inter-class contrastive learning and unsupervised similarity
learning. For segmentation, we extend supervised inter-class contrastive
learning into an element-wise mode and use online pseudo labels for supervision
on unlabeled areas. Experimental results show that our learning strategies can
improve the classification and segmentation models by a large margin and
outperform state-of-the-art approaches.Comment: Accepted by ACM Trans. on Multimedia Computing Communications and
Applications (TOMM
A Meta-Analysis
Background p16INK4a is a tumor suppressor protein which is induced in cells
upon the interaction of high-risk HPV E7 with the retinoblastoma protein by a
positive feedback loop, but cannot exert its suppressing effect. Previous
reports suggested that p16INK4a immunostaining allows precise identification
of even small CIN or cervical cancer lesions in biopsies. The prognostic value
of overexpressed p16INK4a in cervical cancer has been evaluated for several
years while the results remain controversial. We performed a systematic review
and meta-analysis of studies assessing the clinical and prognostic
significance of overexpression of p16INK4a in cervical cancer. Methods
Identification and review of publications assessing clinical or prognostic
significance of p16INK4a overexpression in cervical cancer until March 1,
2014. A meta-analysis was performed to clarify the association between
p16INK4a overexpression and clinical outcomes. Results A total of 15
publications met the criteria and comprised 1633 cases. Analysis of these data
showed that p16INK4a overexpression was not significantly associated with
tumor TNM staging (I+II vs. III+IV) (OR = 0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI]:
0.35–1.63, P = 0.47), the tumor grade (G1+ G2 vs. G3) (OR = 0.78, 95% CI:
0.39–1.57, P = 0.49), the tumor size (<4 vs. ≥4 cm) (OR = 1.10, 95% CI:
0.45–2.69, P = 0.83), or vascular invasion (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 0.69–2.08, P =
0.52). However, in the identified studies, overexpression of p16INK4a was
highly correlated with no lymph node metastasis (OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.28–0.95,
P = 0.04), increased overall survival (relative risk [RR]: 0.42, 95% CI:
0.24–0.72, P = 0.002) and increased disease free survival (RR: 0.60, 95% CI:
0.44–0.82, P = 0.001)
SMars: Semi-Supervised Learning for Mars Semantic Segmentation
Deep learning has become a powerful tool for Mars exploration. Mars terrain
semantic segmentation is an important Martian vision task, which is the base of
rover autonomous planning and safe driving. However, there is a lack of
sufficient detailed and high-confidence data annotations, which are exactly
required by most deep learning methods to obtain a good model. To address this
problem, we propose our solution from the perspective of joint data and method
design. We first present a newdataset S5Mars for Semi-SuperviSed learning on
Mars Semantic Segmentation, which contains 6K high-resolution images and is
sparsely annotated based on confidence, ensuring the high quality of labels.
Then to learn from this sparse data, we propose a semi-supervised learning
(SSL) framework for Mars image semantic segmentation, to learn representations
from limited labeled data. Different from the existing SSL methods which are
mostly targeted at the Earth image data, our method takes into account Mars
data characteristics. Specifically, we first investigate the impact of current
widely used natural image augmentations on Mars images. Based on the analysis,
we then proposed two novel and effective augmentations for SSL of Mars
segmentation, AugIN and SAM-Mix, which serve as strong augmentations to boost
the model performance. Meanwhile, to fully leverage the unlabeled data, we
introduce a soft-to-hard consistency learning strategy, learning from different
targets based on prediction confidence. Experimental results show that our
method can outperform state-of-the-art SSL approaches remarkably. Our proposed
dataset is available at https://jhang2020.github.io/S5Mars.github.io/
GLANT6によるHSPA5のグリコシル化とp53誘導分子HSPB7の発癌における機能解析
学位の種別: 課程博士審査委員会委員 : (主査)東京大学准教授 松田 浩一, 東京大学教授 菅野 純夫, 東京大学教授 古川 洋一, 東京大学准教授 加藤 直也, 東京大学講師 松原 大祐University of Tokyo(東京大学
BaySize: Bayesian Sample Size Planning for Phase I Dose-Finding Trials
We propose BaySize, a sample size calculator for phase I clinical trials
using Bayesian models. BaySize applies the concept of effect size in dose
finding, assuming the MTD is defined based on an equivalence interval.
Leveraging a decision framework that involves composite hypotheses, BaySize
utilizes two prior distributions, the fitting prior (for model fitting) and
sampling prior (for data generation), to conduct sample size calculation under
desirable statistical power. Look-up tables are generated to facilitate
practical applications. To our knowledge, BaySize is the first sample size tool
that can be applied to a broad range of phase I trial designs
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