A Study of Zone Offensive Techniques Used by Class A High School Basketball Coaches in North Dakota

The purpose of this study was to determine what types of zone offense are used by Class A High School Basketball Coaches in North Dakota. Thirty-seven questionnaires along with basketball court diagrams with four different zone defenses already drawn on them were sent to all Class A basketball coaches. Thirty-one questionnaires were received and an analysis made. Each type of offense was then drawn and explained on a court diagram. The most common defense encountered within the last five years was the 2-1-2 zone defense. All coaches used screens to prevent normal defensive movement and believed in movement of offensive personnel through the zone defense. The 1-3-1 rotation offense was the most popular attack with the 2-1-2 offensive pattern revealing the most variations. The diagonal-cut check was used by twenty-eight of the coaches as a method of determining the type of defense being used. The results of the offensive pattern revealed many different methods of attack with each coach using one basic offensive pattern to attack the four zone defenses used in this study

Organization of parent knowledge.

The present study explored the association between organization of knowledge about parents and the types of relationships that adult children have with them. This study demonstrated that for fathers, types of relationships were predicted primarily by the content of parent knowledge (and not knowledge structure). However, for mothers, structure of parent knowledge was associated with three distinct types of parent-child relationships. Positively compartmentalized structures (in which positive and negative beliefs about mothers were categorized separately, and positive beliefs were rated as more important than negative ones) were associated with relationships characterized by positive attitudes and attributions and high levels of closeness, contact, and cooperation in the relationship. Positively integrative structures (in which positive and negative beliefs about mothers were categorized together, but positive beliefs were rated as more important than negative ones) were associated with relationships characterized by moderately positive attitudes, moderately high levels of closeness, positive attributions, and low levels of contact and cooperation. Negative parent structures (in which there were high levels of negative beliefs about mothers, and these negative beliefs were considered more important than positive ones by the child) were associated with relationships characterized by negative attitudes and attributions, and low levels of closeness, contact, and cooperation

Nachwachsende Rohstoffe : Ein Thema für den Sachunterricht der Primarstufe?

Der Schutz unserer natürlichen Lebensgrundlagen und die Begrenztheit der uns zur Verfügung stehenden fossilen Rohstoffe erfordern eine nachhaltige Wirtschaftsweise. Der verstärkte Einsatz nachwachsender Rohstoffe kann dazu beitragen, daß nicht erneuerbare Ressourcen geschont und weniger Schadstoffe an die Umwelt abgegeben werden. Auch Kinder im Grundschulalter sollten sich bereits mit dieser Problematik auseinandersetzen. Es wird beschrieben, wie das Thema nachwachsende Rohstoffe am Beispiel des Flachses handlungsorientiert und lebensbezogen im fächerübergreifenden Sachunterricht erarbeitet werden kann

Pollutants Corrupt Resilience Pathways of Aging in the Nematode C. Elegans

Delaying aging while prolonging health and lifespan is a major goal in aging research. One promising strategy is to focus on reducing negative interventions such as pollution and their accelerating effect on age-related degeneration and disease. Here, we used the short-lived model organism C. elegans to analyze whether two candidate pollutants corrupt general aging pathways. We show that the emergent pollutant silica nanoparticles (NPs) and the classic xenobiotic inorganic mercury reduce lifespan and cause a premature protein aggregation phenotype. Comparative mass spectrometry revealed that increased insolubility of proteins with important functions in proteostasis is a shared phenotype of intrinsic- and pollution-induced aging supporting the hypothesis that proteostasis is a central resilience pathway controlling lifespan and aging. The presented data demonstrate that pollutants corrupt intrinsic aging pathways. Reducing pollution is, therefore, an important step to increasing healthy aging and prolonging life expectancies on a population level in humans and animals

Quantification of Walking Ability in Participants with Neurogenic Claudication from Lumbar Spinal Stenosis – A Comparative Study

Background context Walking limitations caused by neurogenic claudication (NC) are typically assessed with self-reported measures, although objective evaluation of walking using motorized treadmill test (MTT) or self-paced walking test (SPWT) has periodically appeared in the lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) literature. Purpose This study compared the validity and responsiveness of MTT and SPWT for assessing walking ability before and after common treatments for NC. Study design Prospective observational cohort study. Patient sample Fifty adults were recruited from an urban spine center if they had LSS and substantial walking limitations from NC and were scheduled to undergo surgery (20%) or conservative treatment (80%). Outcome measures Walking times, distances, and speeds along with the characteristics of NC symptoms were recorded for MTT and SPWT. Self-reported measures included back and leg pain intensity assessed with 0 to 10 numeric pain scales, disability assessed with Oswestry Disability Index, walking ability assessed with estimated walking times and distances, and NC symptoms assessed with the subscales from the Spinal Stenosis Questionnaires. Methods Motorized treadmill test used a level track, and SPWT was conducted in a rectangular hallway. Walking speeds were self-selected, and test end points were NC, fatigue, or completion of the 30-minute test protocol. Results from MTT and SPWT were compared with each other and self-reported measures. Internal responsiveness was assessed by comparing changes in the initial results with the posttreatment results and external responsiveness by comparing walking test results that improved with those that did not improve by self-reported criteria. Results Mean age of the participants was 68 years, and 58% were male. Neurogenic claudication included leg pain (88%) and buttock(s) pain (12%). Five participants could not safely perform MTT. Walking speeds were faster and distances were greater with SPWT, although the results from both tests correlated with each other and self-reported measures. Of the participants, 72% reported improvement after treatment, which was confirmed by significant mean differences in self-reported measures. Motorized treadmill test results did not demonstrate internal responsiveness to change in clinical status after treatment but SPWT results did, with increased mean walking times (6 minutes) and distances (387 m). When responsiveness was assessed against external criterion, both SPWT and MTT demonstrated substantial divergence with self-reported changes in clinical status and alternative outcome measures. Conclusions Both MTT and SPWT can quantify walking abilities in NC. As outcome tools, SPWT demonstrated better internal responsiveness than MTT, but neither test demonstrated adequate external responsiveness. Neither test should be considered as a meaningful substitution for disease-specific measures of functio

Acute low back pain is marked by variability: An internet-based pilot study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Pain variability in acute LBP has received limited study. The objectives of this pilot study were to characterize fluctuations in pain during acute LBP, to determine whether self-reported 'flares' of pain represent discrete periods of increased pain intensity, and to examine whether the frequency of flares was associated with back-related disability outcomes.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We conducted a cohort study of acute LBP patients utilizing frequent serial assessments and Internet-based data collection. Adults with acute LBP (lasting ≤3 months) completed questionnaires at the time of seeking care, and at both 3-day and 1-week intervals, for 6 weeks. Back pain was measured using a numerical pain rating scale (NPRS), and disability was measured using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). A pain flare was defined as 'a period of increased pain lasting at least 2 hours, when your pain intensity is distinctly worse than it has been recently'. We used mixed-effects linear regression to model longitudinal changes in pain intensity, and multivariate linear regression to model associations between flare frequency and disability outcomes.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>42 of 47 participants (89%) reported pain flares, and the average number of discrete flare periods per patient was 3.5 over 6 weeks of follow-up. More than half of flares were less than 4 hours in duration, and about 75% of flares were less than one day in duration. A model with a quadratic trend for time best characterized improvements in pain. Pain decreased rapidly during the first 14 days after seeking care, and leveled off after about 28 days. Patients who reported a pain flare experienced an almost 3-point greater current NPRS than those not reporting a flare (mean difference [SD] 2.70 [0.11]; p < 0.0001). Higher flare frequency was independently associated with a higher final ODI score (<it>ß </it>[SE} 0.28 (0.08); p = 0.002).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Acute LBP is characterized by variability. Patients with acute LBP report multiple distinct flares of pain, which correspond to discrete increases in pain intensity. A higher flare frequency is associated with worse disability outcomes.</p

Organization of Parent Knowledge: Compartmentalization and Integration in Adult Child-Parent Relationships

Previous research has demonstrated an association between structure of beliefs about romantic partners and feelings for that partner. Here, the structure of college students’ beliefs about their parents was linked to distinct types of ongoing parent—child relationships identified by cluster analysis. An integrative structure of mother knowledge was associated with an evaluatively complex type of relationship (“dealing”), characterized by greater liking and closeness and less cooperation and contact. Positive compartmentalization of mother knowledge was associated with mother relationships that were consistently positive (“denying”) across different dimensions. In contrast, the most positive father relationships were reported by daughters with evaluatively integrative father structures. Possible reasons for daughters’ tendency to integrate father structures and to compartmentalize mother structures are discussed.Yeshttps://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/manuscript-submission-guideline