A Qualitative Analysis On What Brazilian Psychiatrists Expect From Current Diagnostic Classifications [avaliação Qualitativa Sobre O Que Os Psiquiatras Brasileiros Esperam Das Classificações Diagnósticas]

Introduction: The objective of the present study was to analyze the qualitative answers of an anonymous standardized survey including qualitative and quantitative questions about the Brazilian psychiatrists' perceptions on their use of the multiaxial diagnostic systems ICD-10 and DSM-IV and about their expectations regarding future revisions of these classifications (ICD-11 and DSM-V). Method: The questionnaire, elaborated by Graham Mellsop (New Zealand), was translated into Portuguese and sent through mail to 1,050 psychiatrists affiliated to the Brazilian Psychiatry Association. The quantitative analysis is presented elsewhere. Results: One hundred and sixty questionnaires returned (15.2%). From these, 71.1% of the open questions where answered. The most needed and/or desirable qualities in a psychiatric classification were found to be: simplicity, clarity of criteria, objectivity, comprehensibility, reliability, and ease to use. Axis I of the ICD-10 was reported to be the most used due to its instrumental character in addition to being the official classification also for legal and bureaucratic purposes. The DSM-IV was also used in the everyday practice, mostly for education and research purposes, by psychiatrists with academic affiliations. The less frequent use of the multiaxial systems was explained by the lack of training and familiarity, the overload of information and by the fact they are not mandatory. Based on the respondents' answers, we concluded that some diagnostic categories must be revised, such as: mental retardation, eating disorders, personality disorders, sleeping disorders, child and adolescent disorders, affective, and schizoaffective disorders. Conclusion: This material offers a systematic overview of the psychiatrists' opinions and expectations concerning the diagnostic instruments used in their daily practice. Copyright © Revista de Psiquiatria do Rio Grande do Sul - APRS.312112115Banzato, C.E.M., Pereira, M.E., Santos Jr, A., Silva, L.F., Loureiro Jr, J.C., Barros, B.R., O que os psiquiatras brasileiros esperam das classificações diagnósticas? (2007) J Bras Psiquiatr, 56 (2), pp. 88-93Kendell, R., Jablensky, A., Distinguishing between the validity and utility of psychiatric diagnoses (2003) Am J Psychiatry, 160, pp. 4-12First, M.B., Pincus, I.S., Levine, J.B., Williams, J.B., Ustun, D.S., Peele, R., Clinical utility as a criterion for revising psychiatric diagnoses (2004) Am J Psychiatry, 161 (6), pp. 946-954Jampala, V.C., Sierles, F.S., Taylor, M.A., Costumers views of DSM-III: Attitudes and practices of U.S. psychiatrists and psychiatric 1984 graduating residents (1986) Am J Psychiatry, 143 (2), pp. 148-153Maser, J.D., Kaelber, C., Weize, D.R., International use and attitudes toward DSM-III and DSM-III-R: Growing consensus in psychiatric classification (1991) J Abnorm Psychol, 100 (3), pp. 271-279Bassett, A.S., Beiser, M., DSM-III: Use of the multiaxial diagnostic system in clinical practice (1991) Can J Psychiatry, 36 (4), pp. 270-274Mezzich, J.E., International survey on the use of ICD-10 diagnostic and related systems (2002) Psychopathology, 35 (2-3), pp. 72-75Banzato, C.E., Multiaxial diagnosis in psychiatry: Review of the literature on DSM and ICD multiaxial schemas (2004) J Bras Psiquiatr, 53 (1), pp. 27-37Williams, J.B., Spitzer, R.L., Skodol, A.E., DSM-III in residency training: Results of the National Survey (1985) Am J Psychiatry, 142 (6), pp. 755-758Velamoor, V.R., Waring, E.M., Fisman, S., Cernovsky, Z., Brownstone, D., DSM-III in residency training: Results of a Canadian survey (1989) Can J Psychiatry, 34 (2), pp. 103-106Mellsop, G., Banzato, C.E., Shinfuku, N., Nagamine, M., Pereira, M.E., Dutu, G., An international study of the views of psychiatrists on present and preferred characteristics of classifications of psychiatric disorders (2008) Int J Ment Health, 36 (4), pp. 17-2

Thermal conductivity of heavy, even-carbon number n-alkanes (C22 to C32)

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Mannose-binding lectin 2 (Mbl2) gene polymorphisms are related to protein plasma levels, but not to heart disease and infection by Chlamydia

The presence of the single nucleotide polymorphisms in exon 1 of the mannose-binding lectin 2 (MBL2) gene was evaluated in a sample of 159 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (71 patients undergoing valve replacement surgery and 300 control subjects) to investigate a possible association between polymorphisms and heart disease with Chlamydia infection. The identification of the alleles B and D was performed using real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and of the allele C was accomplished through PCR assays followed by digestion with the restriction enzyme. The comparative analysis of allelic and genotypic frequencies between the three groups did not reveal any significant difference, even when related to previous Chlamydia infection. Variations in the MBL plasma levels were influenced by the presence of polymorphisms, being significantly higher in the group of cardiac patients, but without representing a risk for the disease. The results showed that despite MBL2 gene polymorphisms being associated with the protein plasma levels, the polymorphisms were not enough to predict the development of heart disease, regardless of infection with both species of Chlamydia

Mannose-binding lectin 2 (Mbl2) gene polymorphisms are related to protein plasma levels, but not to heart disease and infection by Chlamydia

The presence of the single nucleotide polymorphisms in exon 1 of the mannose-binding lectin 2 (MBL2) gene was evaluated in a sample of 159 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery (71 patients undergoing valve replacement surgery and 300 control subjects) to investigate a possible association between polymorphisms and heart disease with Chlamydia infection. The identification of the alleles B and D was performed using real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and of the allele C was accomplished through PCR assays followed by digestion with the restriction enzyme. The comparative analysis of allelic and genotypic frequencies between the three groups did not reveal any significant difference, even when related to previous Chlamydia infection. Variations in the MBL plasma levels were influenced by the presence of polymorphisms, being significantly higher in the group of cardiac patients, but without representing a risk for the disease. The results showed that despite MBL2 gene polymorphisms being associated with the protein plasma levels, the polymorphisms were not enough to predict the development of heart disease, regardless of infection with both species of Chlamydia